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test one Flashcards

0
Q

what are the 3 stages of healing

A 
1 inflammation (hours to days) 
2 repair (Days to weeks) 
3 remodeling (weeks to months)
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1
Q

what are the 4 stages of healing in order

A 
1 hemostasis (seconds to min)
2 inflammatory (hours to days)
3 proliferation (weeks to months)
4 remodeling  Months to years)
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2
Q

what are the celsus signs of inflammation

A

heat - calor
redness - rubor
swelling - tumor
pain - dolor

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3
Q

what is the inflammatory phase

A

AKA acute phase

immediate to a few days

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4
Q

what is the purpose for the inflammatory phase

A
  • defend against foreign intruders
  • removing damaged tissue and debris
  • immobilize area
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5
Q

what are the characteristics of the inflammation stage

A

vasodilation
increased capillary permeability
phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

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6
Q

can to much inflammation be bad

A

yes

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7
Q

what is secondary enzymatic injury

A

to much inflammation that will cause

  • lysosomal enzymes released
  • not specific
  • healthy tissue is damaged
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8
Q

what is secondary hypoxia injury

A

to much inflammation that will cause

  • hemorrhage, clotting, edema, spasm, hematoma
  • these lead to decreased O2 nutrition
  • damage to surrounding uninjured tissue
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9
Q

what is the goal in the inflammatory phase

A

limit extent of inflammation
-only small amount of inflammation is needed
-non-damaged tissue needs protection
goal = preserve ROM

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10
Q

how long does the acute phase last in each grade of an ankle sprain

A

grade 1 1-3 days
grade 2 2-4 days
grade 3 3-7 days

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11
Q

what is another name for proliferative phase

A

repair phase

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12
Q

what type of cells are present on the proliferative phase

A

fibroblasts
chondroblasts
osteoblasts

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13
Q

what kinda extracellular matrix is used in the proliferative phase

A

type III collagen

  • weak
  • disorganized
  • beginning cross-link
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14
Q

what are the 2 mechanoreceptors for pressure and touch

A

meissner’s corpuscles

pacinian corpuscles

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15
Q

what are the 2 mechanoreceptors for skin stretch/ pressure

A

merkle cells

ruffini endings

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16
Q

what proprioceptors are for change in muscle length and spindle tension

A

golgi tendon organs

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17
Q

what proprioceptors are for the change in joint position

A

pacinian corpuscles

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18
Q

what proprioceptors are for joint end range, possible heat

A

ruffini endings

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19
Q

what nociceptors are for pain

A

free nerve endings

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20
Q

how long does the proliferation phase last in each grade of ankle sprain

A

grade 1 2-4 days
grade 2 3-5 days
grade 3 4-8 days

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21
Q

what is the goal of the proliferation phase

A 
decrease swelling 
decrease pain 
encourage and increase proliferation 
increase pain free ROM 
begin non-weight bearing propriceptive training 
provide protective support as needed
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22
Q

what is another name for remodeling phase

A

maturation phase

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23
Q

what happens in the remodeling phase

A

decrease of blood vessels
type III collagen replaced by type I
collagen aligns along stress lines
cross-linking continues

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24
Q

how long does an ankle sprain last in the remodeling phase

A

grade 1 1 week
grade 2 2 weeks
grade 3 3 weeks

25
Q

what is the effects of electrical stimulation

A 
decrease pain 
decrease muscle spasm 
reduce edema 
stimulate exercise by muscle contraction
stimulate healing
26
Q

what is ohm’s law

A

V= I*R

27
Q

what is monophasic current

A

AKA galvanic
current flow in one direction
unique positive and negative electrodes
DC

28
Q

what is Biphasic current

A 
AC 
-flow of electrons change direction regularly 
- wave form 
  - symmetrical 
  - asymmetrical 
- net charge 
-shape 
JUST LOOK THIS SHIT UP ON PAGE 8
29
Q

what is phase duration

A

time it takes current to leace the isoelectric line to when it returns to this line

  • biphasic two phase duration for each pulse
  • monophasic phase duration and pulse duration are the same
30
Q

what does tissue respond to (Phase duration or pulse duration)

A

Phase duration

31
Q

what is rheobase

A

minimum amplitude needed to depolarize a nerve fiber when phase duration is infinite

32
Q

what is chronaxie

A

the time (or phase duration) required to depolarize a nerve fiber when the peak current is twice rheobase

33
Q

i would just look over electrode consideration one or two more time before the test

A

this will be on pages 13-14

34
Q

what is the goal of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

A

is to stimulate ALPHA motor neurons causing a strong muscle contraction

35
Q

what are the primary indications for NMES

A
  • retrain lost muscle function from inhibition following injury
  • decrease muscle atrophy from periods of immobilization
36
Q

what are the secondary indication for NMES

A

decrease muscle spasm

37
Q

what are the currents used for NMES

A

Russian current
biphasic pulsed current
interferential

38
Q

what is Interferential current used for

A

pain

increase circulation

39
Q

in IF current what does it mean when you have 100 Bps

A

all that is if you take the difference between the 2 sin waves give you the Bps

40
Q

what type of patten is created by the use of IF

A

a cloverleaf pattern

it is the most intense where currents cross

41
Q

what is premodulated current

A

this is a IF but interference occurs in machine not the body

42
Q

what is premodulated used for

A

good for one muscle or muscle group

43
Q

what is a vector scan

A

this uses true IF current and varies the amplitude between the channels (the pads) to make the cloverleaf pattern rotate for a larger treatment area

44
Q

what is stereodynamic IF

A

this is the use of 3 channels, 6 electrodes, and this will make a 3d interference pattern = 6 petal flower shape

45
Q

what are some of the risks of IF

A 
skin irritation 
diathermy devices (10 feet)
46
Q

what are the parameter settings for IF

A 
treatment frequency 
 - acute high setting 80-150 
 - chronic low 1-15 
 - subacute 1-150 
treatment time 15-20 min 
amplitude
 - patient comfort
47
Q

what are the indications for the use of Russian stimulation

A

muscle re-education
retard atrophy
muscle strengthening
decrease muscle spasm through fatigue

48
Q

what type of pattern does Russian use

A

it uses duty cycles (on/off) to cause muscle contraction for muscle strengthening

49
Q

what is the burst frequency of russian

A

50 Hz

50
Q

what type of burst frequency do you use russian for if it was for muscle strengthening

A

10 sec on / 50 sec off

this is used for retard atrophy, retrain muscle

51
Q

what type of burst frequency do you use russian for muscle spasm

A

10 sec on / 10 sec off this will overstimulate the muscle to fatigue it out

52
Q

where do you put the electrode when using russain

A

ALWAYS along fibers of the same muscle of muscles groups

53
Q

what is reciprocal russain stim

A

this is when you have 2 channels for the agonist an antagonist muscles.
they are both going to be 10/50 and the second channel will kick on when the first channel stops.

54
Q

what are some of the risks for russian stim

A 
skin irritation 
electronic interference
fragile skin 
fainting, nausea, skin rash, swelling, pain 
muscle damage from to much stimulation
55
Q

what is the intensity for russian

A

patient tolerance

56
Q

what is high-voltage pulsed current used for

A

use of surface electrical current for enhancing soft-tissue repair and healing
(wound healing or dispersal of edema)

57
Q

what are some other names for High Volt

A

electro galvanic stimulation
high volt galvanic stimulation
high volt pulsed stimulation

58
Q

what does high volt indicates voltage

A

> 150 V up to 500

59
Q

what does high volt waves look like

A

must have twin peak monophasic (DC) current

60
Q

what are the benefits to high volt

A

allows deeper penetration

twin peaks does not allow small sensory fibers to be stimulated

61
Q

what is microcurrent therapy

A

this is when your stimulus is in the microamperage range
this means the peak os below rheobase of A-beta afferent fibers ( this means that you are not going to feel anything because no depolarization takes place

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