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IPAP research Eval Martin > Test > Flashcards

Test Flashcards

1
Q

Integration of research evidence and clinical experience

A

Evidence based practice

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2
Q

Paper reviewed by recognized researchers in the field

A

Peer reviewed

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3
Q

Study where an intervention is made or variables are manipulated

A

Experimental

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4
Q

Study with no intervention or manipulation of variables

A

Observational

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5
Q

Examples of experimental studies

A

Experiment
Randomized controlled trial
Non randomized controlled trial

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6
Q

Types of observational studies

A 
Cohort
Case control
Cross sectional
Descriptive
Surveys
Case reports
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7
Q

Primary vs. secondary research

A

Primary is an original study

Secondary assesses other studies

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8
Q

Describe the EBP process and it’s components

A 
Patient problem
Clinical question
Evidence
Critical appraisal
Apply
Self assess
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9
Q

Definition of Evidence Based Practice

A

Use of CURRENT BEST EVIDENCE

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10
Q

Direct applicability to patient care in terms of our patient population, feasability and the possibility of changing our clinical practice

A

Relevance

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11
Q

The technical rigor of a study

A

Validity

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12
Q

Time, money, or effort required to answer a clinical question

A

Work

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13
Q

What type of questions do you ask in EBP?

A

Directly relevant to patients problems phrased in ways that can direct your search

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14
Q

Questions asked for general knowledge about an illness, disease, condition, process, or thing

A

Background

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15
Q

Questions that ask for specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions

A

Foreground

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16
Q

PICOTT model

A 
Patient, problem, or population
Intervention
Comparison or control
Outcome
Type of question
Type of study
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17
Q

Question based on treatment

A

Therapy

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18
Q

Questions the identification of a disease with specific symptoms

A

Diagnosis

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19
Q

Types of studies for therapy questions

A

Double blind randomized controlled trial

Sytematic review/ meta analysis of RCT’s

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20
Q

Studies for diagnosis

A

Controlled trial
Systematic review
Meta analysis
Cross sectional

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21
Q

Studies for prevention

A

RCT

Cohort study

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22
Q

Studies of etiology/harm

A

Cohort studies

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23
Q

Studies of prognosis

A

Cohort studies
Case control
Case series

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24
Q

What study is at the top of the EBM pyramid?

A

Meta analysis or systematic review

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25
Q

Method to appraise a study’s usefulness

A

PPICONS

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26
Q

What is PPICONS

A 
Problem
Patient
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Number of subjects
Statistics
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27
Q

Study that begins and ends in the present but look backword to collect exposure information in order to evaluate outcomes that are happening today

A

Retrospective

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28
Q

Begin in the present with exposures over time and look forward, collecting outcome data in the future

A

Prospective

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29
Q

Study of perpsectives/explanations

A

Qualitative, difficult to generalize to a population

Quality of life type study

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30
Q

Study involving measurements/values

A

Quantitative

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31
Q

What type of research helps to generate hypotheses

A

Descriptive

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32
Q

What type of research tests hypotheses

A

Analytic

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33
Q

Subcategories of descriptive studies

A

Case reports
Case series
Ecologic

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34
Q

Subcatagories of analytic research

A 
Experimental
      Clinical trial
      Community trial
      Educational intervention
Observational
      Cross sectional
      Case control
      Cohort
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35
Q

What is a case report

A

Single case

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36
Q

Case series

A

Series of similar, interesting cases

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37
Q

What do ecologic studies look at?

A

Whole populations rather than individuals

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38
Q

Studied variables under the control of the researcher

A

Experimental

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39
Q

Variables not under the control of the researcher

A

Observational

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40
Q

Contacts with risk factors

A

Exposures

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41
Q

Effects being measured

A

Outcomes

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42
Q

Subjects who have the outcome of interest

A

Cases

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43
Q

Subjects in the comparison group

A

Control

44
Q

A characteristic of interest that assumes different values for different subjects

A

Variable

45
Q

Age, gender, and marital status are examples of what

A

Independant variables

46
Q

The measurable outcome variable

A

Dependent variable, influenced by the independent variable

47
Q

Additional independent variable which influence dependent variables

A

Confounding variable

48
Q

A systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that leads to results that do not represent the true findings

A

Bias

49
Q

Three main types of statistical bias

A

Sampling bias
Measurement bias
Other sources

50
Q

The degree to which a measurement represents a true value

A

Validity

51
Q

Can the observed differences between groups be attributed to the intervention

A

Internal validity

52
Q

Are the observed differences in your study representative of patients/subjects in general?

A

External validity

53
Q

The reproducibility of a measurement

A

Reliability

54
Q

Number of new cases over time, unit of time

A

Incidence

55
Q

Total cases at a point in time, percentage

A

Prevalence

56
Q

What is incidence used for

A

Determine the cause of disease

Determine the likelihood of developing disease

57
Q

Methods of qualitative research

A 
Focus groups
Interviews
Surveys
Self reports
Observations
Document analysis
Sampling
58
Q

Types of descriptive studies

A 
Individuals
    Case reports
    Case series
Population
    Ecologic
59
Q

Brings a novel or unusual patient to the attention of colleagues

A

Case report

60
Q

What are case series used for

A

Examine adverse events or effects
Catalog new diseases or outbreaks
Determine the feasibility or safety of a new treatment
Discuss the potential efficasy of a new treatement

61
Q

What do case studies and case series lack?

A

Sufficient methodological rigor

62
Q

Examine the relationship between exposures and diseases as measured in a population rather than in individuals

A

Ecologic

63
Q

Patients who already have the specific condition

A

Cases

64
Q

Observational case control

A

Looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the disease, compares cases with controls

65
Q

When is a case control good to use

A

Studying rare outcomes

66
Q

A group of people who share a common characteristic or experience and all remain in the group for a period of time

A

Cohort

67
Q

An epidemiologic envestigation that follows groups with common characteristics

A

Cohort study

68
Q

What is the strongest observational study

A

Cohort study

69
Q

When are cohort studiees indicated

A

Good evidence suggests an association of a disease with a certain exposure

70
Q

Case control vs cohort

A

Case control - star with disease, look retrospectively, rare diseases, recall and selection bias, cheap

Cohort - start with exposure, look for disease, common diseases, high risk for drop out, expensive

71
Q

Limitation of cross sectional study

A

Snapshot in time

Cannot calculate incidence, it is a prevalence study

72
Q

Three types of experimental study

A

Clinical trial
Community trial
Educational intervention

73
Q

Introduced by the researcher

A

Intervention

74
Q

Seek to eliminate confounding variables

A

Controlled trials

75
Q

The concealment of group allocation from one or more individuals involved in a clinical research study

A

Blinding

76
Q

Types of blinding

A

Single blinding
Double blinding
Triple blinding

77
Q

Allocation is concealed from only one group

A

Single blinding

78
Q

Allocation is concealed from both researchers and subjects

A

Double blinding

79
Q

Allocation is unknown to the subjects, administering the treatment, and the assessors of the outcome

A

Triple blind

80
Q

What is the gold standard

A

Double blind randomized control trial

81
Q

Four major areas of methodological concern in an RCT

A

Enrollment
Allocation
Follow up
Analysis

82
Q

Desired demographic for inclusion in the study

A

Inclusion criteria

83
Q

Reason certain people aren’t included in a study

A

Exclusion criteria

84
Q

Results lack external validity

A

Too strict

85
Q

Study lacks internal validity

A

Exclusion criteria too lax

86
Q

How to assess enrollment

A

Descriptive statistics

87
Q

Another term for non randomized controlled trials

A

Quasi experiments

88
Q

Take the results of large numbers of primary research studies and combine them into one

A

Meta analysis and systemic review

89
Q

Advantages of systematic review

A

Less costly
Less time required
Exhaustive review of current literature
Results can be generalized and extrapolated
More reliable and accurate than individual studies
Evidence based resource

90
Q

A statistical synthesis of the numerical results of several trials which all addressed the sam research question

A

Meta analysis

91
Q

A thorough, comprehensive, and explicit way of interpreting the medical literature

A

Systematic review

92
Q

Statistical approach to combine the data derived from several selected studies

A

Meta analysis

93
Q

Provide a clear explanation of the logical relationships between alternative care options and health outcomes

A

Clinical practice guidelines

94
Q

The proportion of people with the disease who have a positive test for the disease

A

Sensitivity

95
Q

The proportion of people without the disease who have a negatie test

A

Specificity

96
Q

A highly sensitive test is most useful to the clinician when it is

A

Negative

97
Q

A highly specific test is most useful to the clinician when it is

A

Positive

98
Q

Pretest probability

A

Prevalence

99
Q

Proportion of patients who have the disease and a positive test

A

Positive predictive value

100
Q

Proportion of patient who do not have the disease and have a negative test

A

Negative predictive value

101
Q

An alternative way of describing the performance of a diagnostic test

A

Likelihood ratio

102
Q

Likelihood of the same result in someone without the disease

A

Likelihood ratio

103
Q

Ratio of the proportion of diseased people with a positive test result to the proportion of non diseased people with a positive result

A

Likelihood ratio

104
Q

Positive LR?

A

Rules in the disease, bigger the better

105
Q

A measure of how often a particular statistical event occurs within the scientific control group

A

Control event rate

106
Q

Measure of how often a particular statistical event occurs within the experimental group

A

Experimental event rate

107
Q

Measures the magnitude of an association between an exposed and non exposed group

A

Relative risk

IPAP research Eval Martin (1 decks)

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