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Medical Microbiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

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1
Q

What is a chemotherapeutic drug?

A

Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

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2
Q

What is anti microbial chemotherapy?

A

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

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3
Q

What are antimicrobials?

A

All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless of origin

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4
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some micro organisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

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5
Q

What are semisynthetic drugs?

A

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

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6
Q

What are synthetic drugs?

A

Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions

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7
Q

What is beta-lactamase?

A

Enzyme that can break down penicillin

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8
Q

What is tetracycline?

A

Prescription drug. Rapid ejection by cell. Injected in, pumped right out.

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9
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Improve intestinal biota
Can replace microbes lost during antimicrobial therapy
Can augment biota already there

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10
Q

What are the side effects of drugs?

A

Direct damage to tissues
Allergic reactions
Disruption of normal biota

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11
Q

What are biota?

A

Harmless or beneficial bacteria
Colonists of healthy body surfaces
Can be destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

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12
Q

What is a superinfection?

A

Microbes that were once small in number overgrow when normal biota are destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

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13
Q

Examples of superinfection

A

UTI
Yeast infection
Clostridium difficile

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14
Q

What is clostridium?

A

Soil organism that can produce endospores
Infection is extremely difficult to get rid of
Fecal transplant

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15
Q

What is conjugation?

A

In bacteria
Involves the transfer of DNA or plasma between cells
Cells connected by pilus

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16
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector
Viruses are used to transfer genetic information

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17
Q

What is transformation?

A

In microbial genetics

The transfer of genetic material contained in “naked” DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell

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18
Q

What is mutation?

A

A change in the genetic material

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell

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19
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity

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20
Q

Chromosome

A

The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes
Usually one per cell
Made of eukaryotic histones
Carries genetic information for the cell
In one specific tightly packed section of cell

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21
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that has the information to make a product
Site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function
Contains the necessary code for making a protein of RNA molecule
Can be on plasmid making it easier to move from one cell to another

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22
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acid
Double helix
Carries the master plan for an organisms heredity

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23
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

Responsible for phenotype

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24
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Expressed and observable characteristics

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25
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Process that destroys or removes all viable organisms
Kills endospores and vegetative cells
Autoclave
Incineration, dry oven, ionizing (x-Rays, cathode, gamma), gases

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26
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores
Removes harmful products of microorganisms from materials
Bleach, iodine, boiling water, nonionizing (UV)

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27
Q

What is decontamination/sanitization?

A

Mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels
Mechanical removal of most microbes
Sanitization to the level of safety for human use
Soaps, detergents

28
Q

What is antisepsis/degermation?

A

Reduces the number of microbes on the human skin
Decontamination on skin
Cleans skin before surgery

29
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

Can grow slowly at freezing temperatures

Can secrete toxic products

30
Q

What is desiccation?

A

Removing water
Dehydration
Organisms may resume growth if water is added back

31
Q

What is lyophilization?

A

Combination of freezing and drying

Can preserve microorganisms in a viable state for a long time

32
Q

Metabolism

A

Pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell
Stores energy in the form of ATP
Anabolism and catabolism

33
Q

Anabolism

A

Biosynthesis
Results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures
Forms larger molecules from smaller ones
Requires energy

34
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller ones

Releases energy

35
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction

36
Q

Oxidize

A

Lose electrons

37
Q

Reduced

A

Gains electrons

38
Q

Redox pair

A

Redox reactions always occur in pairs

Electron donor and electron acceptor

39
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Converts glucose to CO2
Allows the cell to recover significant amounts of energy
Final electron acceptor is free oxygen

40
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen
Used by strictly anaerobic but also those able to metabolize with or without oxygen
Final electron acceptors are oxidized compounds

41
Q

Fermentation

A

Incompletely oxidize glucose
Oxygen not required
Smaller amount of ATP is produced
Final electron acceptor is organic compounds

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

Converts glucose into pyruvate

Pathway that degrades glucose to pyruvic acid without requiring oxygen

43
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Breakdown of glucose for energy
Takes place in the cytoplasm of bacteria and in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes
Carbon and energy wheel

44
Q

Electron transport system

A

Transfers electrons from donors to acceptors via redox reactions

45
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks fats apart

46
Q

Protease

A

Break proteins down to their amino acid components

47
Q

Deamination

A

Reaction that removes amino groups

48
Q

Final electron acceptor

A

The substance which receives the terminal waste product of cellular respiration

49
Q

Amphibolism

A

The ability of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

50
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Energy-rich
Can yield a large number of electrons per molecule when catabolized
Glucose

51
Q

Energy

A

The capacity of a system to perform work

52
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy consumed

53
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy released

54
Q

Enzyme

A 
Makes metabolism possible
Organic catalyst
Speed up reactions to optimal rates
Can be reused
Matches with a specific substrate
Unstable
Can only function in specific conditions
Vulnerable to denaturation
Targets for physical and chemical agents 
Acted upon by regulatory controls
55
Q

Active site

A

Catalytic site
Where substrate attachment occurs
Special pocket

56
Q

ATP

A

Phosphate groups carry negative charge
Causes a strain between the last two phosphates
Removal of terminal phosphate releases energy

57
Q

What products are made by cells during fermentation?

A

Alcohols and acids

Organic substances

58
Q

Products of anabolism

A

Larger molecules necessary for the cell to grow and divide

59
Q

Physical methods of microbial control

A

Heat

Radiation

60
Q

Chemical agents of microbial control

A

Gases

Liquids

61
Q

Mechanical methods of microbial control

A

Filtration

62
Q

Methods of sterilization

A

Incineration, dry oven, autoclave, ionizing radiation, some gases, some liquids, filtration of liquids

63
Q

Primary targets of microbial control

A

Microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage

64
Q

Cellular targets of agents

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cellular synthetic processes
Proteins

65
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Penetrating
X Rays
Gamma rays
Electron beams

66
Q

Nonionizing

A

Nonpenetrating

UV

67
Q

Factors taken into consideration by physician

A

What microorganism is causing the infection
Degree of microorganisms sensitivity to various drugs
Medical condition of the patient

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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