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World history Test 3 > Test 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 3 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Maya city- states

A

A mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Central America and characterized by rival rulers who sought unsuccessfully to dominate the region from about 3000 ce to 900 ce. The Maya extended the study of mathematics, astronomy, calendars, and the use of new foods such as maize, tomatoes, chocolate, and squashes first introduced by the olmecs

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2
Q

Classic period

A

Characteristics of maya

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3
Q

Ahau

A

The last of the 20 day names of the maya calendar that with its associated numbers 1 to 13 in a peculiar order (13,11,9,7,5,3,1,12,10,8,6,4,2) designated the 13 katuns of a series

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4
Q

Maya elite

A

In Classic Mayan society, there were two elite classes: the ahaw (ah HOW) and the sahal (sah HAHL). The ahaw, or lords, were the highest-ranking people in society. The highest of the ahaw were the kings and queens of city-states. The sahal were important under-lords who ruled smaller cities and assisted the ahaw in government, religious activities, and war. Ancient texts report that many scribes, painters, and sculptors came from the highest ranks of elite society. They were the sons of kings and sometimes were kings themselves. Elite members also did other jobs that were open only to members of their class,
o such as city planning and trading. They ran the government, waged war, studied astronomy, and maintained the calender.

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5
Q

Maya temples

A

The most powerful cities controlled groups of smaller dependent cities and a broad agricultural zone by building impressive temples and by creating rituals that linked the power of kings to the Gods. P.

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6
Q

Maya religion

A

The traditional Maya religion of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and the Tabasco, Chiapas, and Yucatán regions of Mexico is a southeastern variant of Mesoamerican religion. As is the case with many other contemporary Mesoamerican religions, it results from centuries of symbiosis with Roman Catholicism.

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7
Q

Lady Xoc

A

was a Maya Queen consort of Yaxchilan and is considered to have been one of the most powerful and prominent women in Maya civilization.

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8
Q

Maya calendar

A

tracked a ritual cycle (260 days divided into thirteen months and 20 days)

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9
Q

Mississippian

A

in southeastern US, ca. CE to ca 1000 CE, they had the Mesoamerican triad, involved in hunting gathering, and fishing, governed by chiefdoms

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10
Q

Characteristics

A

traditional Native American religions

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11
Q

Black drink

A

made from a plant in the southeast- drank for purification ceremonies

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12
Q

Mississippian mortuary complex

A

most people cremated, elite buried, charnel houses- defleshing, grave gods, mounds

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13
Q

Mounds

A

Burial ceremonial centers, astronomy, sun-priests?, great serpent mound

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14
Q

Trade

A

imperialize a continent (first wave of Islam spread as well as Christianity)

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15
Q

Three coasts

A

Indian Ocean, South Coast of Sahara, and Atlantic Ocean (trading posts)

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16
Q

Spread of Islam

A 
North Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa
o North Africa (640- 700 CE)
o First along coastal areas then Spain then northward
o Sub- Saharan Africa (1000- 1300 CE)
o Little warfare
o Through trade and building of networks
o Characteristics:
▪ Greatest impact- most traders live
▪ Aristocracy mostly Islam for government, political, and economical benefits
▪ Wide appeal-open to all
▪ Commercial benefits- alliances with traders
▪ First in Mali then Swahili
▪ Arabic/Islam merge with all cultures
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17
Q

Battle of Portiers

A

battle; Muslims are defeated by French by Martel and that halts expansion

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18
Q

Sudanic kingdoms

A

Mali and Ghana

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19
Q

Ghana

A

earliest
o As trade shifts Mali rises
o Unification of chiefdoms in exchange for protection
o Gain power and emerge of distinct place
o Middle of desert and Gold-wealth
o Rise as a trade power-camels (large scale)

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20
Q

Mali

A

“bright country” – because of connection to god through light (religion)

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21
Q

Mansa

A

Figure of king

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22
Q

Bambara

A

Pantheistic religion

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23
Q

Nyama

A

Universal spirit and everyone has one

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24
Q

Manlike society

A 
Works together
o Castes are created by occupation
o Line ages and occupations
o Iron and bananas help create
o Iron-workers- top of society
o Elite is polygamous (more than one wife)- normally marry sisters
o Slaves
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25
Q

Malinke political structure

A

king (mansa); urban areas, small villages
o Villages
o Family- maternal- representatives elders
o Elders- because of religion- between this world to supernatural

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26
Q

Wangara

A

Important merchants

-powerhouses of state

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27
Q

Sundiate keite

A

Leader of the Malinke

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28
Q

Timbuktu

A

wants to spread Islam
o Brings in architects, scholars and art- mosque styles
o Makes Timbuktu very Islamic cooking

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29
Q

Swahili coast

A

Powerful trading

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30
Q

Land of zanj

A

was a name used by medieval Arab geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast), and to the area’s Bantu inhabitants.[2] This word is also the origin of the place name Zanzibar.

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31
Q

Indian Ocean trade

A

served as an important role in history, and has been a key factor in East–West exchanges. Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus-faced. They looked outward to the sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland.

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32
Q

Three estates

A

those who work, those who pray and those who fight

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33
Q

Feudalism

A

holding all land in fiefs

o Relation to a lord and vessels-pay homage to lord like military or work service

34
Q

Innovations in agriculture

A 
o First was plow that didn’t work then came the heavy plow- more land and deeper-more arable
o 3 field system
o Horse harness, shoes
o Mils-surpluses
o Manure is a commodity
35
Q

Three field system

A

spring, autumn, and fallow fields rotate during the year to produce as much crop with the land available as possible

36
Q

Manor

A

places that the lord has domain- gives protection from invaders

37
Q

Duties and rights of peasantry, lords

A

o The peasantry pay taxes, farmland- in return the lords defend them with justice and defends ppl and land
o Lords give them tools and specialized peoples
o Lords originate from monarchy- report to king and higher lords- political military

38
Q

Serf,peasant

A

the two types of peasantry: the serfs are tied to land, lack freedoms, mark of feudalism, pay in form of work (3 days a week)

39
Q

Primogeniture

A

First born male inheritance

40
Q

Vassal

A

powerful lords granted him land- owes administrative and military service

41
Q

Chivalry

A

tournaments and courtly love, clergy came up with it as a way to control the knights during the peaceful periods- entertainment for the people and nobility as well

42
Q

Village priest

A

(secular as face of the church) increased status on local level bc he goes to all villages and people come to him to be forgiven- sacraments

43
Q

Monasticism

A

monks and monasteries work as librarians of knowledge and educators

44
Q

Monastic abuses, monastic reforms

A

corruption and stereotypes- reforms include the Cluny(strict standards like constantly at prayer or vows of silence) and mendicant orders(service outside the church )

45
Q

Concord of worms

A

an agreement that differentiates the powers of the monarch from the pope powers- victory for pope as gods representation as for the monarch can only watch

46
Q

Turbulent 14th century

A

(1300s) fallout of investure, catholic church, European wars and crusades, Great famine, black death, world popl 450 million down to 350-375 million

47
Q

Black death

A

originated on the silk road carried by fleas on rats that traveled with the people mostly by boat- also caused a series of plagues

48
Q

Great famine

A

15% popl dies bc of failed crops bc of climate shifts to a wetter/colder climate-less calories, resources, grain, cant reclaim seed, eat draft animals and revert to cannibalism

49
Q

“Causes” of plague

A

o Miasma-foul air
o Ppl blame it on the Jews- conspiracy against, isolate Jews with laws, forced to wear yellow badge, violent sudden actions against Jews-pogroms
o Cures: stay inside, bathe in urine, wrath of god, increased religious events and wear crosses

50
Q

Hierarchy of survival

A

nobility survives more than peasants bc they are wealthier

51
Q

Crusades

A

• Crusades- themes, goals- to retake the Holy Land- crusades was a political and economic idea as well as religious and pope wants to unite Christians and church
o The crusades satisfies military/socially obligation
o Crusades release pressures of tension of classes

52
Q

Pax dei

A

(peace of God) movement led by the medieval church, and later by civil authorities, to protect ecclesiastical property and women, priests, pilgrims, merchants, and other noncombatants from violence from the 10th to the 12th century.

53
Q

Pope urban 2

A

Ordered the first crusade

54
Q

Plenary indulgence

A

to gain a plenary indulgence, a person must exclude all attachment to sin of any kind, even venial sin, must perform the work or say the prayer for which the indulgence is granted, and must also fulfil the three conditions of sacramental confession, Eucharistic communion and praying for the intentions of the Pope.

55
Q

Peasant crusade

A

A charismatic monk and powerful orator named Peter the Hermit of Amiens was the spiritual leader of the movement- prelude to the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months

56
Q

Templars

A

a member of a religious military order founded by Crusaders in Jerusalem about 1118, and suppressed in 1312.

57
Q

Hospitallers

A

The origin of the Hospitallers was an 11th-century hospital founded in Jerusalem by Italian merchants from Amalfi to care for sick and poor pilgrims. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the hospital’s superior, a monk named Gerard, intensified his work in Jerusalem and founded hostels- wealthy-reason for effectiveness

58
Q

Economic and political concerns of crusades

A

economic and political wars through the 8 crusades in the holy land (Christian vs Islam) and rise of Venice

59
Q

Effects of crusades

A

o Europe- decrease in knights in Europe, decrease in wars, increase in settlement- monarchs increased power while nobles decrease
o Mediterranean trade increases in Venice & Genoa- merchant power and economy increase
o Collective identity- “Christendom” and pogroms

60
Q

Muslim rule and Christians

A

majority but don’t practice
o Political leaders aren’t leaders anymore
o Converted to not pay tax and increase power economically/politically
o Increased mixed marriages of Christians & Muslims
o Cultural change- Christians practice some Islamic ways and Arabic is language of elite
o Mozarabs

61
Q

Mozarab

A

were Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish rule in Al-Andalus.

62
Q

Muslim rule and Jews

A 
Jews lived in Jewish ghettos
o Little conversion
o Community more visible
o Moneylending-sinful for Christian and Muslim faith
o Viziers- top advisory became Jewish
63
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella

A

the king and queen of Spain in the 1400s- Isabella was more involved than

64
Q

1492’s three reasons

A

1) Christopher Columbus found the Americas
2) Granada- fall
3) Capitulation- agreement and surrender of Reconquista

65
Q

Granada

A

the Christian Reconquista forced Spanish Muslims south, and the kingdom of Granada was established as the last refuge of the Moorish civilization.
o Fall- military/spiritual conquest and changes, forced baptism for Muslims and Jews that stayed after 30 years of expulsion

66
Q

Changing nature of Christianity

A

the identity of Christians in spain is questioned
o Start showing ways to express that they are a Christian and a good one at that
o Pogrom- in Seville where Jewish pilgrims killed Christian people and children
o Matajudios, Matamoros- Christian last names that mean jew/muslim killer

67
Q

Limpieza de Sangre

A

meaning “cleanliness of blood” was a concept of Iberian Modern History. It referred to being ethnically pure “Old Christian”, without Jewish or Muslim ancestors. After the end of the Reconquista and the expulsion of Sephardic Jews, the population of Spain and Portugal was all nominally Christian.

68
Q

Sui dynasty

A

Unified China before Tang Dynasty overthrew them

69
Q

Grand canal

A

tied the Yangzi and Yellow rivers together, 14 hundred miles long, links trade networks, rice/grain is gathered from the north, dispatch of army-helps

70
Q

Chang’an

A

capital of the tang and the hub of the bureaucracy that governs china, 1 mil people that was cosmopolitan, like the Han dynasty system- examination system

71
Q

Tributary system

A

expression of dominance of china, give goods annually to the ruler

72
Q

An Lushan

A

emperor and dominated by women protégé- leads rebellion
o Corruption, loss of central government power
o Instability and drought
o Civil wars
o Nomads- lead to downfall of tang

73
Q

Song

A

(960-1297 CE)
o Technological advances like medicine, travel improvements, gun power gets develops for marshal uses and goes around through trade, flaming arrows, civil service ex., steel manufacture, popl booming 40mil ppl.

74
Q

State Confucianism

A

cement that holds everything together- Confucianism values- govt I for good of ppll, ppl fill own role through proper behavior-right conduct- 5 roles of society-obedience for proper treatment of ppl and lowers

75
Q

Meritocracy

A

an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth.

76
Q

Foot binding

A

more beautiful/graceful, generalized practice for elite mostly for women-social restrictions- women become part of husbands family not hers- women is being limited to acting in household- spreads throughout- age of 5 and 7(13 to complete) perfected bound foot was about 3 inches- becomes a status symbol

77
Q

Shinto

A

the indigenous religion of Japan consisting chiefly in the cultic devotion to deities of natural forces and veneration of the Emperor as a descendant of the sun goddess. Books: Records of ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan- harmony with nature- rights to reverence with the dead- ritual purity
o Kami- natural forces and ancestors/emperors are worshiped

78
Q

Prince shokutu

A

(573-621 CE) inspired by Buddha’s teachings, succeeded in establishing a centralized government during his reign based on Buddhism (official Japanese religion), created the 17 point constitution-Confucianism is the way to organize govt

79
Q

Nara

A

capital city of japan based on tang capital

80
Q

Adoption and departures from Chinese models

A

o Japanese uses: Equal field system, Japanese feudalism, no meritocracy, role of aristocracy is powerful which is breaking down and peasantry is giving land to lords , less things are being taxed, freed peasantry, fugiwara clan-emperors to this day
o Shintoism and Buddhism as religion, records

81
Q

Fugiwara clan

A

end of 900-1100s emperor is limited to not have mandate of heaven- disempower emperors- establish largest state of japan- clan gains power from marrying daughters to emperors- baby dominates

82
Q

Teosinte

A

Parent plant of modern corn

World history Test 3 (1 decks)

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