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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Amplitude

A

Meter

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2
Q

Charge

A

Coulomb (C)

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3
Q

Current

A

AMP or Coulomb/s

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4
Q

Electric Potential

A

Volt

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5
Q

Energy

A

Joule

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6
Q

Frequency

A

Hertz

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7
Q

Period

A

Any unit of time, mostly a second

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8
Q

Power

A

Watts

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9
Q

Resistance

A

Ohm

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10
Q

Velocity

A

m/s

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11
Q

Wavelength

A

Meter

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12
Q

Work

A

J

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13
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of a moving body (equation - KE=1/2mv2)

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14
Q

Work Energy Theroem

A

When work is done on an object to change its KE, the amount of world one is = to the change in KE (equation - newtork=Change in KE)

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15
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

Energy transforms w/o net loss or net gain in the operation of a pile driver???

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16
Q

Temperature

A

A number that corresponds to the warmth or colness of an object. Measured with a thermometer, a per-particle property, no upper limit, definite limit on lower end

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17
Q

Gas

A

How fast the glas particles are bouncing to and fro

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18
Q

Liquid

A

How fast particles slide and jiggle past one another

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19
Q

solid

A

How fast particles move as they vibrate and jiggle in place

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20
Q

Thermometer

A

Measures temperature by expansion or contraction of a liquid

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21
Q

Celsius

A

Zero C for freezing point to 100C for boiling point of water

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22
Q

Fahrenheit

A

32F for freezing point too 212F for boiling point of water

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23
Q

Kelvin

A

273K for freezing point of water to 373K for boiling point. Absolute zero at -273C, Same degress as Celsius scale, Kelvins rather than degrees are used.

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24
Q

Kinetic Theory of Matter

A

Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) that are always in motion

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25
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The total energy (kinetic and potential) of the submicroscopic particles that make up matter

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26
Q

Absolute Zero (Zero K)

A

The lowest limit of temperature at -273C. At this temp atoms or molecules have lost all available kinetic energy. A substance cannot get any colder

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27
Q

Heat

A

Defined as a flow of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. Natural direction of heat flow is from a higher-temp sub to a lower-temp sub

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28
Q

Heat is energy in transit, measure in what units of energy?

A

Joules or Calories

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29
Q

calorie

A

deinfed as the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree. 4.19 Joules = 1 calorie (so 4.19 joules of heat will change that temp of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree)

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30
Q

Energy rating of food or fuel

A

Measured by energy released when they are metabolized

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31
Q

Kilocalorie

A

Heat unit in labeling food. One kilocalorie or Calorie (capital C) is the heat needed to change the temp of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

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32
Q

Quantity of Heat summarized

A

1) heat is energy in transit
2) Heat is measured in joules, calories or Calories
3) 1 food Calorie equals 1000 calories

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33
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Movement of heat

34
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

When heat flows or or from a system, the system gains or loses an amount of heat equal to the amount of heat transferred. (Heat added = increase internal energy + external work done by the system.) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

35
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

Restates direction of heat flow. Heat never spontaneously flows from a cold substance to a hot substance.

36
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of the disorder of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to another the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and therefore toward one of greater entropy (The greater the DISORDER the higher the ENTROPY)

37
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Defined as the quantity of heat required to change the temp of 1 unit mass of a substance by 1 degree

38
Q

Quantifying heat

A

Q=mc(triangle)T
Q=Heat
m=mass
c=specific heat
triangle T = Change in Temp

39
Q

Processes of thermal energy transfer

A

Conduction, convection, radiation

40
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of internal energy by electron and molecular collisions within a substance (occurs mostly in solids where molecules remind in relatively constricted locations.)

41
Q

Insulation

A

Doesn’t prevent the flow of internal energy, slows the rate at which internal energy flows (ex: rock wool or fiberglass between walls slows the transfer of internal energy from a warm house to a cool exterior in the winter and the reverse in the summer)

42
Q

Good conductors

A

Composed of atoms with loose outer electrons, known as poor insulators, examples would be all metals to varying degrees

43
Q

Poor condutors

A

Delay the transfer of heat, known as good insulators, examples are wood, wool, straw, paper, Styrofoam, cork, liquid, gases, air, or materials with trapped air

44
Q

Convection

A

Transfer heat involving only bulk motion of fluids, examples are visible shimmer of air on hot stove or asphalt in summer,

45
Q

Convection Currents

A

Convection currents produced by an unequal heating of land and water, during the day warm air above the land rises and cooler air over the water moves in to replace, opposite at night

46
Q

Reason warm air rises

A

Warm air expands becomes less dense and is buoyed upward, air rises until its density equals that of the surrounding air, ex is smoke from a campfire rises till it blends in with cool air

47
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves that can travel through empty space

48
Q

Heat transger of radiation

A

Wavelength of radiation is related to the frequency of vibration.
low-freq vibrations -> long waves
high-freq vibrations -> short waves

49
Q

Emissions of radiant energy

A

Every object above absolute zero radiates, sun’s surface comes light or solar radiation, from the Earth’s surface is terrestrial radiation in the form of infrared waves below our threshold of sight

50
Q

Phases of Matter

A

Solid, liquid, gas (fourth phase is plasma), when matter changes from one phase to another, energy is transferred

51
Q

Electric Force

A

A fundamental force of nature can attract some objects and repel others

52
Q

Electric charge

A

Fundamental quantity underlying electric force and all electric phenomena. Comes in two kinds - positive such as protons and negative such as electrons

53
Q

Fundamental rule for electricity

A

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

54
Q

Protons

A

Positive electric charges, repel positives but attract negatives

55
Q

Electrons

A

Negative electric charges, repel negatives, but attract positives

56
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral electric charge

57
Q

Electric Conductors

A

Materials that allow easy flow of charges particles

58
Q

Electric Insulators

A

Materials having tightly bound electrons

59
Q

Conservation of Charge

A

In any charges process, no electrons are created or destroyed, electrons are simply transferred from one material to another

60
Q

COULOMB’S LAW

A

For a pair of charged objects much smaller than the distance between them, force between them varies directly as the product of their charges and inversely as the square of the separation distance
F=k(q1q2
d2)

61
Q

Coulomb’s unit charge

A

C

62
Q

The charge of an electron is the fundamental charge ?

A

=1.6 x 10-19(exp) C

63
Q

Like signs of charge

A

Force is repulsion

64
Q

Unlike signs of charge

A

Force is attraction

65
Q

Difference and similarites between gravitational and electrical forces

A

Gravity only attracts, electricity can both attract and repel

Both forces can act between tings that are not in contact with each other

Both forces act in a straight line direction between masses of charges

A force field surrounds both: gravitational field for mass and electrical field for charge

66
Q

Electric Field

A

Occupies the space that surrounds any charged object
In a vector quantity (having magnitude and direction)
Magnitude of field at any point is force per unit charge
Obeys the inverse-square law for a point source

67
Q

Field Lines

A

Used to visualize electric field, show direction of electric field and intensity

68
Q

Electric Potential Energy

A

Energy is possessed by a charged particle due to its location in an electric field. Work is required to push a charge particle against the electric field of a charged body. Released particle accelerates away from the sphere- electric PE changes to KE

69
Q

More on Elec. Pot. Energy

A

Batteries and generators pull negative charges away from postivie ones, doing work to overcome electrical attraction. The amount of work depends on # of charges and separation distance. Work done by a battery or generoator is them available to a circuit as electrical PE

70
Q

Electric Potential

A

Elec. Pote. energy per charge. Energy that a source provides to each unit of charge

electric pot. = Electric pote. energy DIVIDED by charge

71
Q

Electric Potential and voltage are?

A

ONE IN THE SAME!! Unit of measurement is the VOLT
1 volt= 1 joules DIVIDED by Coulomb

72
Q

Voltage sources

A

Pote. diff. exists when ends of electrical conductor are at different electric potentials, batteries and generators are common

73
Q

Electric Current

A

The flow of electric charge, in metal -conduction electrons, in fluids - positive and negative ions, measures in AMPERES!!

74
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. Current in a circuit varies in direct prrportion to the potential difference (voltage) and inversely with the resistance:
current =Voltage divided by resistance OR I=V/R

75
Q

Electric Circuits

A

Any closed path along which electrons can flow. For continuous flow, no gaps, such as an open electric switch

76
Q

Series

A

A single-pathway circuit for electron flow, a break anywhere in the path results in an open circuit, electron flow ceases, total resistance adds, more devices, less current

77
Q

Parallel

A

A branched pathway is formed for the flow of electrons, a break in any path doesn’t interrupt flow in other paths, a device in each branch operates independently of the others, total current in the branches add

78
Q

Electric Power

A

Rate at which electric energy is converted into another form. power= current x voltage, in units is watts

79
Q

Vibration

A

A wiggle in time

80
Q

Wave

A

A wiggle in space and time that transports energy

81
Q

Frequency

A

Number of to and fro vibrations in a given time
Unit: 1 vibration per second = 1 hertz

82
Q

Period

A

Defined as the time it takes for a complete vibration
Unit: any unit of time, often the second

Science (3 decks)

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