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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Body Organization (a-f)

A 
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
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2
Q

cell

A

basic structural and functional unit of life

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3
Q

tissue

A

similar cells that perform a common function

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4
Q

organ

A

2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions

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5
Q

organ system

A

organs having related functions

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6
Q

organism

A

has several organ systems which work together to maintain life

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7
Q

anatomical position

A

upright, feet parallel, eyes, and palms forward

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8
Q

planes of reference

A

imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections)

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9
Q

sagittal

A

divides the body or organ into unequal right and left portions

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10
Q

midsagittal

A

divides the body or organ into equal halves

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11
Q

coronal (=frontal)

A

divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

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12
Q

transverse (=horizontal, cross sectional)

A

divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

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13
Q

orbital region

A

eye

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14
Q

nasal region

A

nose

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15
Q

buccal region

A

cheek

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16
Q

oral region

A

mouth

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17
Q

mental region

A

chin

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18
Q

cervical region

A

neck=cervix

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19
Q

thorax/thoracic region

A

chest

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20
Q

pectoral regions

A

left and right chest

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21
Q

mammary regions (breasts)

A

sit atop pectoral regions

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22
Q

sternal region

A

between pectoral regions

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23
Q

axillary regions

A

armpits

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24
Q

abdominal region

A

located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones

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25
Q

pelvic region

A

between the hip bones

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26
Q

deltoid region

A

shoulder

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27
Q

brachial region

A

arm; shoulder to elbow

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28
Q

cubital (front=antecubital) reion

A

elbow region

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29
Q

antebrachial region

A

forearm (elbow to wrist)

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30
Q

carpal region

A

the “wrist”

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31
Q

palmar

A

front of the hand

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32
Q

dorsum

A

back of the hand

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33
Q

femoral region

A

thigh

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34
Q

patellar region

A

front surface of knee

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35
Q

popliteal region

A

back of the knees

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36
Q

crural region

A

leg, from knee to ankle

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37
Q

tarsal region

A

ankle

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38
Q

Plantar

A

sole

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39
Q

dorsum

A

top surface

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40
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain resides here

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41
Q

vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord resides here

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42
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity

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43
Q

pleural

A

a lung resides in each

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44
Q

mediastinum

A

cavity between lungs

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45
Q

pericardial cavity (within mediastinum)

A

contains the heart

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46
Q

abdominal cavity

A

from thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones

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47
Q

pelvic cavity

A

between the hip bones

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48
Q

Passive transport

A

movement along concentration gradients
require no energy
some small particles

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49
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

large particles

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50
Q

two types of active transport

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

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51
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which cellular materials exit the cell

materials are packaged within vesicles

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52
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

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53
Q

microvilli

A

nonmotile; help increase surface area

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54
Q

cilia

A

motile, move substances over the surface of stationary cells

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55
Q

flagellum

A

motile, whip-like structure that moves cells

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56
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes
synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids
detoxify drugs and alcohol

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57
Q

golgi apparatus

A

several C-shaped sacs near the nucleus
packages materials for secretion
forms lysosomes

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58
Q

lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes

enzymatically breaks down internalized materials and old organelles; “garbage man” of the cell

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59
Q

centrioles

A

needed for cell division

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60
Q

nucleolus

A

contains protein and RNA

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61
Q

interphase

A

cell is not dividing

DNA is replicated during this time

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62
Q

chromatid

A

one of the duplicated DNA strands

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63
Q

prophase 1

A

synapsis occurs - homologous pairs come together

crossing over occurs

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64
Q

anterior

A

in front of

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65
Q

posterior

A

in back of

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66
Q

dorsal

A

back side of human body

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67
Q

ventral

A

belly side of human body

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68
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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69
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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70
Q

caudal

A

rear or tail end

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71
Q

cranial

A

at the head end

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72
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

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73
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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74
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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75
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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76
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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77
Q

deep (internal)

A

on the inside, underneath another structure

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78
Q

superficial (external)

A

on the outside

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79
Q

proximal

A

closest to the point of attachment to trunk

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80
Q

distal

A

farthest to the point of attachment to trunk

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81
Q

four kinds of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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82
Q

Epithelium

A

covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands

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83
Q

4 characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. very cellular
  2. has a free surface (apical surface)
  3. bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane
  4. avascular
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84
Q

two classifications of epithelium

A

layers

shape

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85
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer

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86
Q

stratified epithelium

A

many layers

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87
Q

3 shapes of epithelial tissue

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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88
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A

one layer of flattened cells

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89
Q

location of simple squamous epithelia

A

lines lumen of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, covers organs, and lines body cavities

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90
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

rapid diffusion and filtration

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91
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

one layer of cube shaped cells

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92
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

(also called glandular epithelium) lines ducts and tubules (ex. salivary glands, and kidneys)

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93
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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94
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

one layer of columnar cells. may have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia

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95
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

lines most of GI tract

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96
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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97
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

one layer of columnar or irregularly shaped cells. some have cilia and goblet cells

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98
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

lines trachea and bronchi

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99
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar epithlium

A

protection and secretion (secreting mucus)

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100
Q

two types of stratified epithelia

A

stratified squamous epithelia

transitional epithelium

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101
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal. Deepest layers are highly mitotic

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102
Q

two types of stratified squamous

A

keratinized and nonkeratinized

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103
Q

keratinized stratified squamous

A

contains keraton, superficial layers consist of dead cells

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104
Q

location of keratinized stratified sqamous

A

epidermis

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105
Q

function of keratinized stratified squamous

A

protection (barrier)

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106
Q

nonkeratinized stratified sqamous

A

superficial cells are alive and kept moist

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107
Q

location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

oral cavity, pharynx, vagina, and the lower part of the anal cavity

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108
Q

function of non keratinzed stratified squamous

A

protection

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109
Q

transitional epithelium

A

some cells are binucleated. surface cells may be dome-shaped or flattened

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110
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A

found in most of the urinary tract

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111
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

withstands distention (stretching) and relaxing

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112
Q

glandular epithelia

A

specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions (lined with cuboidal cells)

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113
Q

exocrine glands

A

formed from glandular epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface

114
Q

two types of exocrine glands

A

unicellular and multicellular

115
Q

unicellular exocrine gland

A

goblet cells

116
Q

location of unicellular exocrine glands

A

respiratory and digestive systems

117
Q

function of unicellular exocrine glands

A

secrete mucus

118
Q

multicellular exocrine gland

A

secrete materials through a duct to a free surface

119
Q

3 types of multicellular exocrine glands

A

merocrine glands
apocrine glands
holocrine glands

120
Q

merocrine glands

A

secretes a watery fluid through its membrane

example: salivary glands

121
Q

apocrine glands

A

top part of cells is pinched off, it becomes the secretion

example: mammary glands

122
Q

holocrine glands

A

entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies

example: sebaceous gland

123
Q

connective tissues

A

binds/supports/protects other tissues and organs. derived from mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

124
Q

Connective tissues are comprised of

A

cells
matrix of fibers and ground substance
*vascularity varies

125
Q

fibers in connective tissues

A

collagen, elastin, and reticular

126
Q

4 types of ground substance

A

gel like material
semisolid
rigid/solid
liquid

127
Q

four classifications of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone (osseous connective tissue)
vascular tissue (blood)

128
Q

connective tissue proper

A

matrix is gel like

129
Q

two classes of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

130
Q

two types of loose connective tissue

A

=areolar connective tissue

=adipose fat tissue

131
Q

location of areolar CT

A

surrounds nerves, muscles, and some organs

132
Q

function of areolar CT

A

packing and binding material

133
Q

areolar CT

A

contains fibroblasts, many irregularly arranged fibers and it is very vascular

134
Q

adipose

A

fat tissue - contains adipocytes which are filled with liquid fat

135
Q

location of adipose

A

primarily in skin

136
Q

functions of adipose

A

energy source, insulation against temperature changes, and protection (shock absorption)

137
Q

two types of dense connective tissue

A

dense irregular CT

dense regular CT

138
Q

dense irregular CT

A

contains fibroblasts; protein fibers found are irregularly arranged
very vascular

139
Q

location of dense irregular CT

A

skin (dermis)

140
Q

function of dense irregular CT

A

strength and support (in all directions)

141
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles - POOR VASCULARITY

142
Q

location of dense regular CT

A

tendons and ligamenets

143
Q

function of dense regular CT

A

strength and support in one direction

144
Q

cartilage

A

semisolid matrix, avascular, flexible, heals slowly, cells = chondroblasts, and chondrocytes, cells are in lacunae

145
Q

chondroblasts

A

form cartilage

146
Q

chondroclasts

A

maintain tissue/cartilage

147
Q

3 kinds of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

148
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

matrix contains very fine collagen fibers

149
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, trachea, and fetal skeleton

150
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

support and protection - covers ends of bones to create smooth surface and reduce friction

151
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix contains thick collagen fibers

152
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

found in intervertebral disks, symphasis pubis and mesisci

153
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

support and withstands compression

154
Q

elastic cartilage

A

matrix contains numerous elastic fibers

155
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

outer ear and larynx (voice box)

156
Q

function of elastic carilage

A

flexibility and strength

157
Q

bone (osseous connective tissue)

A

matrix is rigid

158
Q

3 kinds of cells found in bone

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

159
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells - create bone (eventually become osteocytes)

160
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells - maintain bone (completely surrounded by bone)

161
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down/reabsorb bone

162
Q

two kinds of bone tissue

A

compact (dense)

spongy (cancellous)

163
Q

compact bone tissue

A

outer shell of bone

164
Q

spongy bone tissue

A

inner lattice work of bone - hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces.

165
Q

vascular tissue

A

contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma

166
Q

function of vascular tissue

A

transport

167
Q

muscle tissue

A

moves body and materials within body

168
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle

169
Q

smooth muscle

A

found on the walls of hollow organs (exception = heart_
spindle shaped cells
one centrally located nucleus
involuntary control

170
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A 
short cylindrical cells
some cells are bifucated (branched)
controlled involuntarily
has one or two centrally located nuclei
intercalated disks - mass of protein that helps hold cells together
striations
171
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A 
long cylindrical cells,
multinucleated
nuclei located at periphery of cells
striations
voluntary control
172
Q

nervous tissue

A

makes up nervous system

173
Q

neurons

A

generate and conduct nerve impulses

174
Q

supporting cells (neuroglia)

A

support, protect, and nourish neurons

175
Q

integument

A

=covering = skin (largest organ of the body)

176
Q

integumentary system

A

=skin +exocrine glands +hair+nails+associated nerves +associated blood vessels

177
Q

3 layers of the integument

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

178
Q

epidermis (4 descriptors)

A
  1. outer layer
  2. composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  3. avascular
  4. thick (5 layers), thin skin (4 layers)
179
Q

dermis (4 descriptors)

A
  1. middle layer
  2. composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue (some areolar)
  3. contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands
  4. dermal paillae
180
Q

subcutaenous layer (3)

A

(=hypodermis; superficial fascia)

  1. deepest layer
  2. stores fat and anchors upper layers to other tissues
  3. composed of areolar CT and adipose CT
181
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
182
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane. cells are very mitotic

183
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of polygonal shaped cells with spines. small degree of mitosis here “spiny layer”

184
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened cells with visible granules;

cells undergo keratinization here

185
Q

keratinization

A

the process by which the nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cells fills up with the protein keratin

186
Q

stratum lucidum

A

2-3 layers of dead anucleated, keratinized, clear cells, only found in thick skin
(ex: palm, elbows)

187
Q

stratum corneum

A

20-30 layesr of dead, keratinized, anucleated cells

outer cells are constantly shed

188
Q

4 cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile (merkel) cells
epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells

189
Q

keratinocytes

A

most numerous, found in all layers, produce keratin

190
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin, only found in stratum basale, second most common

191
Q

tactile cells

A

3rd most numerous, found only in stratum basale, provide information regarding tactile (light touch) sensation

192
Q

epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells

A

4th most numerous - found primarily in the stratum spinosum, phagocytes
defense system

193
Q

two layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

194
Q

papillary layer

A

uppermost; composed of dermal papillae; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors (neurons); portions of the ducts of glands and hair roots

195
Q

reticular layer

A

deepest; contains blood vessels; neurons; secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands

196
Q

3 epidermal derivatives

A

hair
nails
exocrine glands

197
Q

3 parts of hair

A

bulb, root, shaft

198
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

in hair; smooth muscle, causes hair to become erect

199
Q

function of hair

A

protect from UV light, trauma, and heat loss

200
Q

nails

A

formed from stratum corneum (dead keratinized cells)

201
Q

function of nails

A

protection and grasping

202
Q

3 kinds of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous
sweat glands
ceruminous glands

203
Q

sebaceous glands

A

associated with hair follicles - release oil

204
Q

function of sebaceous glands

A

soften the skin and bactericidal

205
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine

apocrine

206
Q

eccrine

A

found everywhere, releases perspiration

207
Q

apocrine

A

axillary and pubic regions
secretes onto hair roots
releases an odiferous secretion (maybe pheromones)

208
Q

ceruminous

A

(cerumen = earwax)
modified sweat glands
in external auditory canal
cerumen is an insect repellant and helps keep the eardrum soft

209
Q

osteology

A

study of bones

210
Q

two divisions of skeleton

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

211
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of head, neck, and trunk

212
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower extremeties

213
Q

4 bone shape classifications

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

214
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide

215
Q

short bones

A

approximately as long as they are wide

216
Q

flat bones

A

relatively thin, have broad surface

sternum, rib

217
Q

6 gross anatomy of long bones

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. medullary cavity
  3. epiphysis
  4. articular cartilage
  5. epiphyseal plate
  6. periosteum
218
Q

diaphysis

A

cylindrical shaft

219
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow cavity inside diaphysis
lined with endosteum
contains yellow bone marrow (adipose)

220
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of the bones
contains outer layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
in the spaces of spongy bone = red bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue) for blood cell production

221
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses - helps joints move easily

222
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis

223
Q

function of epiphyseal plate

A

lengthwise bone growth

224
Q

periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue that covers outside of bone
-exception- periosteum not found on articular surfaces of bone
sharpeys fibers attach it to bone
there are cells associated with the periosteum which are responsible for bone width growth (osteoblasts)

225
Q

osteons

A

make up compact bone

226
Q

concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone matrix around a central canal

227
Q

central canal

A

opening that runs parallel to length of diaphysis; contains blood vessels/nerves

228
Q

lacunae

A

spaces where osteocytes reside

229
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny channels that radiate from lacunae. contain cytoplasmic projections of osteocytes for diffusion of nutrients

230
Q

perforating canals

A

connect central canals

231
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

incomplete remnants of osteons

232
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft, made by cells of periosteum

233
Q

ossification = osteogenesis

A

process of bone tissue formation

234
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondrial ossification

235
Q

3 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
  3. compact bone and spongy bone replace woven bone
236
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

pre-existing tissue is mesencyme - used to form primarily flat bones

237
Q

endochondrial ossification

A

pre-existing tissue is a hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium used to form long bones

238
Q

simple fracture

A

bone doesn’t break through skin

239
Q

compound (open) fracture

A

bone breaks through skin

240
Q

comminuted

A

bone fragments into many pieces

241
Q

depressed

A

broken bone portion is pushed inward

242
Q

impacted

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

243
Q

spiral

A

ragged break due to twisting forces

244
Q

greenstick

A

bone breaks incompletely

245
Q

fracture hematoma

A

forms when a bone breaks

246
Q

articulations

A

=joints

a place of union between two or more bones

247
Q

two ways to classify joints

A

structure and movement

248
Q

3 types of joint structures

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

249
Q

fibrous joints

A

ligaments (dense regular CT) connects bones

no fluid filled joint cavity

250
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

ligaments (dense regular CT) connect bones

no fluid filled joint cavity

251
Q

synovial joints

A

ligaments (dense regular CT) connects bones

contains a fluid filled joint cavity

252
Q

3 types of movements

A

synarthroses
amphiarthoses
diarthroses

253
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints

254
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints

255
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

256
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

257
Q

suture

A

synarthrotic joint

ex: flat bones of skulls

258
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones held together by interosseous ligament (sheet of dense regular CT)
amphiarthrotic joint
ex: joint bt radius and ulna

259
Q

gomphosis

A

root of tooth attached to jaw by dense regular CT

260
Q

two types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphysis

synchondrosis

261
Q

symphysis

A

bones attached by pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joint
ex:pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

262
Q

synchondrosis

A

bones or bone segements connected by hyaline cartilage

example: epiphyseal plate and costalchondrial joints

263
Q

general structure of synovial joints

A 
ligaments
articular (joint) capsule
-fibrous capsule
-synovial membrane makes synovial fluid
fluid filled joint cavity
ends of bones are lined with articular cartilage
264
Q

flexion

A

decreases joint angle

265
Q

extension

A

increases joint angle

266
Q

abduction

A

body part moved away from midline

267
Q

adduction

A

body part moved toward the midline

268
Q

rotation

A

movement of a body part around its own axis

269
Q

circumduction

A

circular conelike movement of a body segment

270
Q

inversion

A

movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially

271
Q

eversion

A

movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally

272
Q

dorsiflexion

A

dorsum of foot is pointed towards head

273
Q

plantar flexion

A

dorsum of foot is pointed away from head

274
Q

supination

A

palm facing anteriorly

275
Q

protonation

A

palm facing posteriously

276
Q

hinge

A

permits bending in one angle
allows for flexion
ex: elbows and knees

277
Q

pivot

A

permits rotational movement about a longitudinal axis

ex: atlas and axis vertebrae

278
Q

gliding/plane

A

side to side movements and up and down movements

ex: intercarpal joints

279
Q

condyloid (ellipsoidal)

A

permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
ex: knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)

280
Q

saddle

A

permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
ex: first metacarpocarpal joint

281
Q

ball and socket

A

provides greatest range of movement
permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
ex: hip and shoulder joints

Anatomy (4 decks)

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