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BIOLOGY 1406 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meaning of “Bios”

A

Life

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2
Q

Meaning of “Logos”

A

Study of

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3
Q

Meaning of “Biology”

A

Study of Life

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4
Q

Your Surroundings =

A

Your Environment

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5
Q

The study of how organism interact with their environment

A

Ecology

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6
Q

The microscopic study of cells

A

Cytology

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7
Q

The microscopic study of tissues

A

Histology

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8
Q

The levels of biological organization (in order)

A

Molecular Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, System Level, Organism Level.

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9
Q

A ______ is a localized group of organisms belonging to the same species.

A

Population

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10
Q

Non-living features of the environment is called?

A

Abiotic

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11
Q

Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study

A

Reductionism

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12
Q

______ regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings.

A

Cell Membranes (plasma membrane = plasma cell = cell membrane)

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13
Q

Some cells, including plant cells, have a tough ______ external to their cell membranes.

A

Cell Wall

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14
Q

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles found in protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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15
Q

The kingdom containing all eukaryotic organisms that do not fit the definition of plan, animal or fungi.

A

Protist

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16
Q

Type of cell lacking membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles and is only found in kingdom Monera.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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17
Q

The kingdom of bacteria

A

Monera

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18
Q

The normal, unaltered plants that Darwin used in his experiments were known as the _____

A

controls

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19
Q

The seedlings that were modified were called the ______

A

experimentals

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20
Q

Makes up 96% of the body’s weight.

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

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21
Q

Makes up 100% of the body’s weight

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus

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22
Q

The number of protons in an atom is called the atom’s ______

A

atomic number

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23
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is its ______

A

atomic weight

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24
Q

Examples of Cations

A

Pottasium Ion, Calcium Ion, Iron Ion and Sodium Ion

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25
Q

Example of anions

A

Iodide Ion, Chloride Ion and Sulfur Ion

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26
Q

Represents the transfer of electrons

A

Ionic Bonds

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27
Q

______ are far more common in organisms than ionic bonds and are also more stable

A

Covalent Bonds

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28
Q

The isotopes of oxygen are designated as

A

16o, 17o and 18o

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29
Q

When 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the process is called

A

Synthesis Reaction

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30
Q

Reverse of a synthesis reaction is

A

Decomposition Reaction

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31
Q

Indicated by 2 arrows with their arrowheads pointing in opposite directions.

A

Reversible Reactions

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32
Q

Is a sugar that is the body’s primary source of energy

A

Glucose

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33
Q

Is a stored form of Glucose found in the liver and in skeletal muscles.

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

Inactive or stored energy

A

Potential Energy

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35
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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36
Q

Is one of the most abundant and most important inorganic substances in the body

A

Water

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37
Q

Is said to be nonpolar when electrons are shared equally

A

Covalent Bond

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38
Q

If one atom is more electronegative than another atom, electrons of the bond will not be shared equally. In such cases, the bond is called ______

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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39
Q

______ are relatively weak bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

Occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together

A

Van der Waals Interactions

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41
Q

Water is an excellent ______

A

Solvent (dissolves things)

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42
Q

An ____ is defined as substance that will dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions

A

Acid

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43
Q

A ______, by definition dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions (Cations)

A

Base

44
Q

Consists of bone and teeth, require for blood clotting

A

Calcium

45
Q

Required for normal bone and tooth structure

A

Phosphorus

46
Q

Vital to functioning of thyroid gland and iron - essential component of hemoglobin

A

Iodine

47
Q

Ph of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45 (Slightly Alkaline)

48
Q

A substance that has no effect on ph

A

NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

49
Q

The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 celcius

A

Calorie

50
Q

Kilocalorie (kcal) =

A

1000 calories

51
Q

______ is having deleterious (harmful) effects on both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

A

Acid Rain

52
Q

Is used to separate organic compounds from mixtures on the basis of their solubility in one or more solvents passed through a solid support medium, such as paper or columns of powdered materials

A

Chromatography

53
Q

______ differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

A

Structural Isomers

54
Q

_____ are organic compounds characterized by the presence of both hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

A

Sugars

55
Q

A single molecule having both cationic and anionic groups

A

Zwitterion

56
Q

______ are linked together by a process known as CONDENSATION or DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.

A

Monomers

57
Q

A ______ is removed for each monomer added to the chain in this process

A

Water Molecule

58
Q

Are disassembled into monomers by hydrolysis a process that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis.

A

Polymers

59
Q

_______ are made up of sugar subunits called monosaccharides.

A

Carbohydrates

60
Q

_______ made up of subunits called glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipis

61
Q

______ are made up of subunits called amino acids

A

Proteins

62
Q

_______ are made up of subunits called nucleotides.

A

Nucleic Acid

63
Q

The most common monosaccharide and a very important sugar in organisms

A

Glucose(Aldehyde)

64
Q

are either aidehydes or ketones, depending on the location of the carbonyl group.

A

Sugar (all sugars are alcohol)

65
Q

_______ is a structural isomer of glucose and is a ketone

A

Fructose

66
Q

The bond between 2 sugar monomers by dehydration synthesis

A

Glycosidic linkage

67
Q

______ a storage polysaccharide of plants

A

Starch

68
Q

Animals store a polysaccharide called _____

A

Glycogen

69
Q

The most abundant organic compound on the earth’s surface

A

Cellulose

70
Q

Another important structural polysaccharide is _____

A

Chitin

71
Q

______ composed of glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fats

72
Q

Most fats present in the animals are

A

Saturated

73
Q

______, referred to as oils, are usually liquid in room temperature

A

Plant Fats

74
Q

The hardening of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

75
Q

show ambivalent behavior toward water.

A

Phospholipid

76
Q

The tails of the molecule consisting of hydrocarbons are

A

Hydrophobic

77
Q

The Phosphate group and its attachments are

A

Hydrophillic

78
Q

Steroids are _____

A

Lipids

79
Q

An important steroid is a ______ a common component membranes of animal cells

A

Cholesterol

80
Q

A structural protein that provide animal tissues, such as tendons and ligaments

A

Collagen and Elastin

81
Q

A storage protein. ______ is the protein of egg white used an amino for the developing of embryo

A

Ovalbumin

82
Q

The protein of milk and is the source of amino acids for baby mammals.

A

Casein

83
Q

A transport Protein, ______ the iron-containing protein of blood, transport from the lungs to other parts of the body.

A

Hemoglobin

84
Q

A hormonal protein, _____ a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regular centration of sugar in the blood.

A

Insulin

85
Q

Contractile proteins, ______ are responsible for the movement of “mucous?”

A

Actin and Myosin

86
Q

A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains twisted, wound, and folded upon themselves to form a macro molecule with a definite three dimensional shape or conformation

A

Protein Conformation

87
Q

Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chain repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the protein’s overall conformation.

A

Secondary Structure

88
Q

2 types of secondary structure

A

Alpha Helix and beta pleated sheet

89
Q

Superimposed on the recurrent patterns of secondary structure is a protein’s ______

A

Tertiary Structure

90
Q

The Conformation of a protein may be reinforced further by strong covalent bonds called ______.

A

Disulfide Bridges

91
Q

Some proteins consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule

A

Quaternary Structure

92
Q

2 Types of nucleic acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

93
Q

This is the process by which genetic material encoded in DNA is copied by a strand of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) By using a specific portion of the cell’s DNA as a template, the genetic information stored in the nitrogen bases of DNA is rewritten so that the same information appears in the nitrogen bases of mRNA.

A

Transcription

94
Q

This is the process whereby information in the nitrogen base sequence of mRNA is used to specifu the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

Translation

95
Q

The other end of the tRNA has a specific sequence of 3 nitrogen bases known as

A

Anticodon

96
Q

The sugar glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water

A

Cellular Respiration

97
Q

Define Energy

A

Capacity to do work

98
Q

Entropy is symbolized by the letter

A

S

99
Q

The change in free energy is symbolized by

A

∆G

100
Q

Heat Reaction is symbolized by

A

∆

101
Q

A reaction that releases heat, one with a negative value for delta H, is said to be _____

A

Exothermic

102
Q

A reaction that lowers the temperature of the surroundings by absorbing heat is called

A

Endothermic

103
Q

An _____ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

A

Exorgonic

104
Q

A _____ is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings

A

Endergonic

105
Q

_______ provides the nergy to make ATP, an endergonic process.

A

Catabolic

BIOLOGY 1406 (2 decks)

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