TESOL

Question 1

L1

Answer 1

First language

Question 2

L2

Answer 2

Second language

Question 3

TL

Answer 3

Target language

Question 4

Informal L2 learning

Answer 4

picking up a language in naturalistic contexts

Question 5

Formal L2 learning

Answer 5

learned in classrooms

Question 6

Linguistic competence

Answer 6

Underlying knowledge

Question 7

Linguistic performance

Answer 7

Actual production

Question 8

Linguists research into SLA

Answer 8

emphasize the characteristics of the differences and similarities in the languages that are being learned, and the linguistic competence (underlying knowledge) and linguistic performance (actual production) of learners at various stages of acquisition

Question 9

Psychologists and psycholinguists research into SLA

Answer 9

emphasize the mental or cognitive processes involved in the acquisition and the representation of language(s) in the brain.

Question 10

Sociolinguists research into SLA

Answer 10

emphasize variability in learner linguistic performance and extend the scope of study to communicative competence (underlying knowledge that additionally accounts for language use, or pragmatic competence).

Question 11

Social psychologists

Answer 11

emphasize group-related phenomena, such as identity and social motivation, and the interactional and larger social contexts of learning.

Question 12

Second language

Answer 12

typically an official or societally dominant language needed for education, employment, and other basic purposes. Example: immigrants in the U.S. who need to speak English but whose native language is not English.

Question 13

Foreign language

Answer 13

language not widely used in the learner’s social context, such as a Brazilian residing in Brazil learning English at a language school or as a requisite/elective in school.

Question 14

Library language

Answer 14

a language that functions primarily as a tool for further learning. Example: learning a language because academic journals/papers are usually in that language and not translated to the learner’s native language.

Question 15

Auxiliary language

Answer 15

language which learners must know for some official functions in their immediate political setting

Question 16

Language for specific purposes

Answer 16

restricted or highly specialized functions (French for Hotel Management, Spanish for Agriculture, etc.)

Question 17

Simultaneous multilingualism

Answer 17

acquisition of more than one language during early childhood. (classified also as a native language; less common than sequential multilingualism)

Question 18

Sequential multilingualism

Answer 18

learning additional languages after L1 has already been established.

Question 19

Interlanguage

Answer 19

Interlanguage is a unique form of communication used by second language learners. It possesses three characteristics:

1) it is systematic: for example, they the past -ed, and use it for the past even if in correct, such as ‘I goed to class yesterday’)
2) it is dynamic: they may make consistent mistakes, but they might also change and improve. ‘I goed to class yesterday’ eventually becomes ‘I went to class yesterday’
3) it is variable: the learner’s input is received through different ways, such as naturalistic ways (social interactions or media consumption) and formal ways (in classrooms)

Question 20

Communicative Competence

Answer 20

The ability for vocabulary, pragmatics, and pronunciation in learners’ output

Question 21

Pragmatics

Answer 21

Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context to express such things as directness, politeness, and deference.

Question 22

Interlanguage Pragmatics

Answer 22

The study of how second language learners acquire the aspect of language of understanding the meaning of a sentence and/word in context. For example, saying “Is that your dog?” can sound like admiration or a sign of worry/danger.

Question 23

Mitigated Speech

Answer 23

Mitigation = make something less severe.

Thus, mitigated speech is reducing the seriousness of our expression of our thoughts and feelings.