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Immunology Infection And Inflammation > T-cells > Flashcards

T-cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most variable region on TCRs?

A

Where D and J segements join

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2
Q

Why is where D and J join the most diverse?

A

Due to junctional diversity - extra nucleotides added to the region

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3
Q

Whats an MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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4
Q

What are MHC molecules?

A

Molecules that bind to proteins from viruses and bacteria- then presents them to the T-cell ( called antigen presentation)

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5
Q

How many classes if MHC are there?

A

2

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6
Q

What are MHC class 1?

A

MHC molecules found on most nucleated cells- present antigens to cutotoxic T-cells

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7
Q

What are MHC class 2?

A

MHC molecules found on antigen presenting cells presents antigen to helper T-cells

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8
Q

What does it mean MHC genes being highly polymorphic mean?

A

High amoint of genetic diversity

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9
Q

What is an APC?

A

Antigen presenting cell

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10
Q

What are 3 types of APCs?

A

Dendritic cells
Activated macrophages
Activated B-cells

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11
Q

How are T-cells activated?

A

Dendritic cells take up pathogens and bring them to the lymphnode they interact wirh niave T-cell activating them into helper and cytotoxic T-cells

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12
Q

What are CD4 T-cells for?

A

They release cytokines that stimulate macrophages and CD8 T-cells

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13
Q

What are the two signals used in two signal model?

A

1)MHCs and TCRs
2)B7.1/7.2 and CD28
Without out these cells cant be killed

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14
Q

What is colonal expansion?

A

Production of many T-cells with T-cell receptors the MHC peptide complex. Production of a daughter cell from only one cell.

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15
Q

What does IL-2 cause?

A

Produced by T-helper cells cause proliferation into multiple more T-cells

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16
Q

What T-cell is cytotoxic?

A

CD8 T-cell

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17
Q

How does a T-cell become CD8 T-cell?

A

They interact with APCs and detect pathogenic peptides on MHCs they then become cytotoxic T-cells

18
Q

What killing mechanisms do cytotoxic T-cells have?

A

They use:

  • Perforin
  • Granzymes
  • Granulyson
19
Q

What does perforin do?

A

Aids in delivering contents of granules into the cytoplasm

20
Q

What are granzymes?

A

Serine proteases that when in the cytoplasm initiate apoptosis

21
Q

What is Granulysin?

A

Antimicrobial

22
Q

What is the development process of T-cells in the thymus? (For CD4 and CD8)

A

Double negative (1,2,3,4) and then double positive then to single positive. Leaves one receptor on the cells by its self.

23
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

In the thymus

24
Q

How do T-cells recognise infected cells?

A

Through MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells recognised by the TCR.

25
Q

What are the functions of CD4 Helper cells?

A

Provide help to CD8 T-cells and B-cells

26
Q

What are the function of CD8 cytotoxic T-cells?

A

When activated are cytotoxic, they kill virally infected and malignant cells

27
Q

What other molecule does TCR associate with to transduce a signal?

A

They associate with CD3 molecules as they have an internal domain to transduce signal unlike the TCR.

28
Q

What’s an MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

29
Q

Where do you find MHC class 1 molecules?

A

Found on most uncleared cells, present endogenous antigens. Self proteins,pathogenic proteins,then present to a cytotoxic T-cell

30
Q

Where do you find MHC class 2?

A

Found primarily on APCs display exogenous antigens.

31
Q

What does MHC molecules being highly polymorphic mean?

A

High genetic diversity within their population.

32
Q

What are the 3 professional APCs?

A

Dendritic cell
Activated macrophage
Activated T-cell

33
Q

Cells express MHC 1 are thought of as what?

A

Target cells -( virus infected malignant or aging)

34
Q

How are T-cells activated?

A

Dendritic cells take up pathogens and traffic them to the lymphnode where they interact with naive T-cells activating them into CD8/CD4 T-cells

35
Q

What is the costimulation 2 signal T-cell model?

A

Need MHC and TCR and B7.1/7.2

36
Q

How do T-cells reproduce?

A

Clonal expansion

37
Q

What are cytotoxic T-cell weapons?

A

Perforin
Granzymes
Granulysin

38
Q

What is perforin?

A

Aids in delivering contents of granules into cytoplasm

39
Q

What are granzymes?

A

Serine proteases initiate apoptosis once injected into cytoplasm

40
Q

What is granulysin?

A

Antimicrobial

Immunology Infection And Inflammation (7 decks)

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