Study Guide Qs Flashcards
Which is correct regarding AG toxicity?
Horses increase creatinine from 0.8 - 1.5 over 5 days and this indicates nephropathy
Which is true of Leptospirosis?
Treament: penicillin, ceftiofur
Also: ampicillin, doxycycline
Clinical findings of an animal with a urinary rupture include what?
Hyponatremia
Hypochloremia
Hyperkalemia
Peritoneal Cr > 2 x serum Cr
What clinical findings are consistent with a horse with CKD?
Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyponatremia
What is the management for CKD in horses?
NAHCO3 supplementation if patients gets metabolic acidosis
Poor athletic performance in horse with CKD may be due to
Anemia- decreased EPO, decreased RBC survival time
Which is true of suckling foals?
USG = 1.005
Which species normally has cloudy urine?
Horses
A horse with bright red urine at the end or urination and no systemic signs probably has
Urethral tear
Horse is isosthenuric after water deprivation test and SG is 1.020 after vasopressin concentration test. What is the likely diagnosis?
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Which of the following causes the most damage to the medulla?
Phenylbutazone
What is the most common cause of urolithiasis in horses?
Calcium carbonate
What is the most common site of urinary calculi obstruction in small ruminants?
Urethral process
What os a good way to collect urine from a steer?
brush prepuce with wet brush to stimulate urination
What is the best treatment for urolithiasis in a breeding steer?
Tube cystotomy
What happens with oak toxicity?
AKI and diarrhea
Alkaline urine in large animals consistently causes what to be falsely increased?
Protein
Which of the following is indicative of pre-renal azotemia?
FC (Na) < 0.25%
List in order of least invasive to most invasive
Catheter removal
Urohydropropulsion
Lithotripsy
Surgery
What is the treatment for FIC?
MEMO (litterboxes, food, water)
NOT NSAIDs, analgesics, steroids
What is true of FIC?
Often resolves within a week
What is true regarding treatment for urolithiasis?
Lubrication and catheter with concurrent rectal palpation
Which is not a cause of macroscopic hematuria?
Glomerulonephritis
Which is not a cause of microscopic hematuria?
Doxorubicin toxicity
Female spayed dog presents with incompetence at rest, previously house-broken. What is the likely diagnosis?
Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
What is the treatment for urethral sphincter incompetence?
Diethylstilbestrol
What is the treatment for detrusor atony?
Indwelling urinary catheter and bethanecol
Make sure there isn’t an obstruction prior to use
Cat with stranguira, had indwelling urinary catheter, when catheter is removed each time, cat is painful but otherwise seems normal. What is the likely diagnosis?
Urethrospasm
What is the treatment for urethrospasm?
Phenoxybenzamine
A spinal lesion in T12-13 and possible disc rupture may cause
Large, firm bladder (upper motor neuron)
HBC fractured pelvis and lumbosacral trauma may cause
Large, flaccid bladder (lower motor neuron)
How can you differentiate AKI from CKD?
Large smooth kidneys, hyperphosphatemia, decreased urine output, moderate to severe azotemia
Which factor can be used to differentiate the following crystals?
Inhibitory or competing ions (struvite > CaOx) — CaOx > struvite
No idea what this means
Which medication can be used for oliguric patient, what kind of medication is it, and what effect does it have on creatine?
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic
No significant change
What is correct about contrast radiographs?
Contrast radiographs are more sensitive for soft tissue masses than regular radiographs
What is correct about free catch?
Free catch is good for initial analysis of u/a with apparent hematuria
Calculate the total fluid replacements of 12hr period in 12 kg dog that is 10% dehydrated. Anorexia and vomiting (4 x in 12 hours - 30mL each). Urine output is double normal.
Calculate
~195-225 ml/hr
Red-tinged urine is spun down and is still discolored. Serum is discolored. What is the likely cause?
IMHA (hemoglobinuria)
What characteristics makes creatinine more specific than BUN?
Creatinine is proportional to muscle mass which is relatively constant day-to-day
What is true regarding hematuria?
RBCs will settle out with true hematuria
Which of the following indicates glomerular damage over tubular damage?
Proteinuria
An animal with a thickened urethra on palpation. Next diagnostic step that would help?
Vaginourethrogram
Which is true regarding stone formation?
Aggregation and retention in bladder are important in formation
What is true of crystalluria?
Does not indicate uroliths or pathology
Crystal form at body temperature and dissolve at room temperature
What is the goal in converting oliguria to nonoliguria?
Prevent life-threatening metabolic imbalances
Which is a reason for failed treatment of UTI?
Poor owner compliance, wrong drug/dose, prostatitis, ectopic ureters
Which clinical finding is uncommonly associated with bacterial cystitis?
Leukocytosis on CBC
What is true of dialysis?
Resolves hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, azotemia, acidemia, fluid overload
Patient presents painful in caudal abdomen with frequent urination, hematuria. What is the likely diagnosis?
Bacterial cystitis
Intact male presents with hematuria, stranguira, pollakiuria. Otherwise seems normal. Which part of the urinary tract is affected?
Prostate
Cat presents with hematuria throughout urine stream, non-painful, no systemic signs, no stranguria or pollakiuria. Which part of the urinary tract is affected?
Kidney
Which is not palpable on normal rectal exam?
Sublumbar LN
Which is true of casts?
RBC casts are indicative of glomerulonephritis
Which is not true of AKI?
IV fluids, give fluids 50% > than urine excreted
Which is true of AKI?
Urine volume can be increased, normal, or decreased
Which is not a clinical sign associated with lower UTD?
Polyuria
Given azotemic or isosthenuric patient
Need further information to evaluate
Reasons for anemia
EPO deficiency
EPO resistance
Increased blood loss
Decreased RBC survival
Which is true regarding treatment of anemia?
EPO needs to be given with iron to prevent iron deficiency anemia
Amlodipine (Ca channel blocker) is first choice in hypertensive cat without proteinuria
True
Enalapril (ACE inhibitor) given to cats with proteinuria is shown to inc survival time?
Yep
Which can be associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Diabetes mellitus
Which is true of phosphate binders?
Aluminum hydroxide is a potent phosphate binder and commonly used in veterinary medicine
