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BB10004- Biochemistry 2 > Steph Badman 4 LECTURES > Flashcards

Steph Badman 4 LECTURES Flashcards

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

1
Q

7/8th of ATP production?

A

from glucose oxidation

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2
Q

1/8th of ATP production?

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

Dark and light meat in turkey is due to ?

A

Difference in mitochondrial content in cells

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4
Q

ATP synthase complexes are found?

A

Within the inner membrane

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5
Q

The chemiosmotic theory discovery when and by who

A

1961 – Peter Mitchell (and Bob Williams)

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6
Q

The chemiosmotic theory

A

Describes energy conversion in essentially all organisms

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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

movement of H+ down the concentration gradient

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8
Q

Two types of energy stored in mitochondria due to chemiosmosis
?

A

a chemical gradient (ΔpH)

membrane potential (Δψ)

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9
Q

H+ influx is used to drive?

A

Number of processes

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10
Q

P side

A

where protons now found

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11
Q

Protons pumped where

i) Mito
ii) Chloroplasts

A

i) Into matrix

ii) Thylakoids inside

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12
Q

What acts like an electrical resistor?

A

ATP synthase

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13
Q

Uncouplers

A

energy
converted to heat
rather than ATP
synthesis

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14
Q

Blockers

A

shut down H+ flow so DpH and Dy increase, causing cell death

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15
Q

Oligomycin

A

blocks proton through, cell death

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16
Q

Uncoupling agent example in bears

A

UCPI, short circuited oxidative phos, cells burn more fat to produce enough ATP

HEAT

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17
Q

2,4 DNP?

A

Weight loss

-fatty acid degradation by short circuiting the oxidative phos pathway

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18
Q

Nobel prize awarded to who and when for the chemisomotic theory

A

1978

Peter Michell

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19
Q

Other theories other than the chemisomotic theory

A

chemical:Energy stored was by high energy bond (intermediate) when bond broken energy released

Conformational: Unstable high energy structures (how energy converted to form ATP

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20
Q

Experimental evidence for chemiosmotic theory

A

Efraim Racker and Walter Stoeckenius, 1973:
Light-activated ATP synthesis in reconstituted vesicles
ATP synthase and proton pumps

production of a gradient

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21
Q

Protein complexes which make up the electron transport chain ?

A

complex I,II,III,IV and ATP synthase

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22
Q

Porin proteins

A

provide channels to diffuse the outer membrane of the mito

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23
Q

Translocase proteins shuttle?

A

ATP,ADP,Pi across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane

24
Q

by which source are electrons and protons provided?

A

NADH AND FADh2

25
Q

How many H+ translocated thorough the electron transport chain?

A

10

complex I: 4
Complex II: 2
complex III: 2
complex IV: 2

26
Q

How many H+ renter the matrix for every ATP synthesised

A

four

3H+ through ATP synthase and 1H+ though phosphate translocase

27
Q

Energy from redox reactions drive?

A

conformational changes in complexes to move e- across the membrane

28
Q

As we go along the electron transport chain?

A

reduce the redox potential

29
Q

Biological electron transport, is a series of linked?

A

oxidation and reduction reactions

30
Q

A(red) +B(ox)&raquo_space; A(ox) + B(red)

A and b are known as

A

redox couples
redox pairs
or half cells

31
Q

Four ways in which e- can be transferred from one molecule to another

A
  1. Directly as electrons
    e. g. fe2+ +Cu2+»» Fe3+ + Cu+

2.As hydrogen atoms (a proton and a single electron):
AH2 &raquo_space; A + 2e– + 2H+

  1. As a H- ion
  2. direct combination with oxygen
32
Q

4 Equations needed for calculations of these lectures?

A

1) Delta G^0’= -nfDeltaE^0’ when DeltaE^0’= E^0(acc)-(don) n= no of e- F-faradray constant
2) Delta G^0’= -RTLOGe keq
3) delta G= DeltaH -TdeltaS
4) E^’=E^0’ +RT/nf LOGe [e- acc]/[e- donor]

33
Q

Complex II is called

A

Succinate DH

34
Q

Function of Succinate DH?

A

form fumarate by transferring a pair of e-‘s to FAD»>FADH2

35
Q

In the final redox complex II

A

. In the final redox reaction, 2 e– + 2 H+N are used to reduce Q to form QH2.

36
Q

proton translocation in Complex II?

A

none

37
Q

What does complex II contribute to?

A

the pool of COQ

38
Q

Complex III has how many binding sites for Q?

A

two, Qp and Qn

39
Q

Complex III prosthetic groups?

A

Function as electron carriers

Fe-S cluster and Hemes bl bh and c1

40
Q

What molecule is produced in complex III and why

A

The oxidation of QH2 to produce Q and two molecules of reduced cytochrome c

41
Q

CoQ function in complex III

A

CoQ uses Q cycle to convert 2e- process into 1e- transfer

42
Q

Complex III named?

A

Ubiquinone-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase

43
Q

How many protons contributed to the H+ gradient in complex III?

A

4

44
Q

Electrons used to??- Complex III?

A

CYT C reduced by 2e- whilst translocation of 4 H+

45
Q

Dimeric complexes?

A

2 x 11 subunits

46
Q

Heam types?

A

three
a
b
c

47
Q

Cyt c heam group characteristic

A

covalently linked to protein through thiol groups from Cys residues

48
Q

Type a Heam characteristic?

A

long hydrophobic tall

49
Q

Complex IV. name?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

50
Q

What metal ion is used in Complex Iv?

A

cu

51
Q

How are the two e- passed through complex IV?

A

Cu then Heam a, Heam 3, cu, then transferred to oxygen

52
Q

H+ used in Complex IV and for what?

A

2H+ across the membrane

2H+ needed for the formation of water

53
Q

reaction balanced to form water at complex IV?

A

2h+ +1/2 02&raquo_space;> H20

54
Q

cellular defence to oxygen radicals escaping cells example?

A

02- +2H+&raquo_space;»> 02 +h202

h202?? 02 +h20

Enzyme: Superoxdide dismutase

55
Q

Complexes do not?

A

Exist by them selves

56
Q

All complexes have regions within?

A

mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

Some/ which have complexes within the intramembrane space?

A

complex III and IV

BB10004- Biochemistry 2 (3 decks)

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