staying healthy Flashcards
what can reduce the risk of some cancers? what can reduce the risk of lung cancer? what can reduce the risk of skin cancer?
changes in lifestyle and diet can reduce the risk of some cancers. Not smoking reduces the risk of lung cancer. Using sunscreen reduces risk of skin cancer
what do pathogens do to us?
they produce the symptoms of an infectious disease by damaging the body’s cells or producing poisonous waste.
how does the body protect itself?
by producing antibodies which lock onto antigens on the surface of pathogens such as bacterium. This kills the pathogen.
what do human white blood cells produce?
antibiotics resulting in active immunity.
what does each pathogen have?
has its own antigens so a specific antibody is needed for each pathogen.
the process of immunisation is also called…
vaccination
what does an antibiotic drug do? and what does an antiviral drug do?
a pathogen; an antiviral drug slows down the pathogen’s development
what is a placebo?
a placebo is a harmless pill
what are placebos used for?
placebos are used as a comparison in drug testing so the effect of a new drug can be assessed
what is malaria caused by?
a protozoan called plasmodium
what does a plasmodium do?
feeds on red blood cells
what is plasmodium carried by?
mosquitos
how is plasmodium transferred from the vector to the human?
via a bite
what is another name for a mosquito in a food chain?
a vector
what is a vector that carries a disease?
an animal that cant be affected by the disease
what are malignant cancers?
ones that the cells display uncontrolled growth and may spread
name a tumour that is harmless and why is it harmless?
begnin tumor, such as in warts, because they divide slowly and are harmless
what is a blind trial?
where the patient doesn’t know whether they’re receiving the real one or the placebo
what is a double blind trial?
where the patient and the doctor don’t know which drug is the real one
what causes a disease?
a microorgansim
what are micro-organisms that spread disease called?
pathogens
what are the four types of pathogens?
fungi-athletes foot
bacteria-cholera
-viruses-flu
-protozoa-malaria
explain the term contagious
the disease spreads directly from person to person
what are diseases not caused by pathogens called?
non infectious
what 4 things keep us safe from pathogens?
- skin-pathogens cant get through
- hydrochloric acid in stomach
- sticky mucus lines mucus membranes in breathing system, trapping pathogens
- blood clots seal wounds
what is a vector?
an animal like a mosquito that carrys microorganisms but doesent get the disease,
what are mosquitoes vectors for?
malaria
what is malaria caused by?
a protozoan called plasmodium falciparum
what is this carried by?
female mosquitoes
what is plasmodium
a parasite, which lives in a host causing it harm
how to female mosquitoes transmit plasmodium?
they feed on human blood using sharp mouth parts to pierce the skin. Some of the plasmodium parasites are left in the hosts blood. Here they feed on red blood cells causing fever in the host.
why do we have vitamin c in our diet?
to prevent scurvy
why do we have iron in our diet?
to avoid anaemia
where do mosquitoes live?
in stagneant water
how do we prevent mosquito from spreading diseases?
drain stagnent wate, or put oil on the water surface to pervent the larvea from breathing
what causes cancer?
cells dividing out of control. The new cells may be off shapes and form tumours
what is active immunity?
where the white blood cells will recognise the pathogen and quickly make lots of antibodies
describe active and passive immunity
passive doesent last long but is very effective. active lasts long but takes a few weeks to be affective
