Statistics

Question 1

what type of research represents the highest grade of evidence for interpreting clinical trials in the literature

Answer 1

a large, multi-center randomized control trial

Question 2

Clinical guidelines issued by a scientific or medical society should be used for what purpose

Answer 2

to make clinical recommendations to guide clinicians

Question 3

In forest plots, relative risk tends to _____ the treatment effect

Answer 3

overestimate

Question 4

What type of research represents the lowest grade of evidence for interpreting clinical trials in the literature

Answer 4

editorials (considered expert opionion)

Question 5

what types of research have low level of evidence

Answer 5

nonrandomized cohorts, editorials, observational studies

Question 6

_______ represent a set of recommendations for practicing clinicians that are derived from a vigorous review of the literature

Answer 6

Clinical Guidelines

Question 7

Guidelines are rules/laws that distinguish whether someone’s clinical practice is legal or illegal. True or False

Answer 7

False

Question 8

what are the purpose of clinical guidelines

Answer 8

to organize literature into different topics & further direct more studies

Question 9

Are clinical guidelines designed to be a rigorous guide for future research

Answer 9

no

Question 10

____ is calculated in the meta analysis & tends to overestimate the treatment effect

Answer 10

relative risk

Question 11

the process by which to improve patient outcomes by providing clinicians with the highest grade of evidence to help make informed decisions is called

Answer 11

evidence based medicine

Question 12

Clinical guidelines should never be a substitute for clinical judgement, true or false

Answer 12

true

Question 13

in the GRADE system of research articles, what type of study has the lowest level

Answer 13

observational studies

Question 14

failure to blind the process or failure to analyze results on intent to treat basis is called

Answer 14

bias

Question 15

in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have strong support from the literature the recommendations lead with the phrase

Answer 15

we recommend

Question 16

in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have weak support from the literature, the recommendations lead with the phrase

Answer 16

we suggest

Question 17

in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have insufficient number of trials and results are contradictory the recommendations lead with the phrase

Answer 17

no recommendation at this time

Question 18

what is a valuable tool that gives the clinician a quick sense of the strength & consistency of the message from the literature

Answer 18

Forest Plot

Question 19

Horizontal lines on the forest plot represent

Answer 19

confidence interval

Question 20

if the confidence interval lines on the forest plot don’t touch or pass the_________ than the outcomes between the study & control groups have statistical significance with a p value is <0.5

Answer 20

vertical line of unity (null hypothesis)

Question 21

____ measures consistently from one study to the next regarding the patient population & therapy applied

Answer 21

heterogeneity (I2)

Question 22

______ shows the likelihood of the outcome effect (example infection) in the study group compared to the control group

Answer 22

relative risk ratio

Question 23

If studying the risk of infection in an EN group vs a PN group where the outcome (infection) was the same, the relative risk ratio would be

Answer 23

1 (the patients in the EN group are 100% as likely to get an infection as the PN group)

Question 24

if studying the risk of infection in an EN group vs a PN group where the outcome (infection) had a relative risk ratio of 0.74, this indicates a ______ reduction in the infection compared with the control group (PN)

Answer 24

26%

100-74 = 26

Question 25

_______ is the number of “events” divided by the denominator or total number of patients in each group & is lower than relative risk ratio so it gives clinicians a more accurate assessment of the treatment effect

Answer 25

absolute risk ratio

Question 26

which ratio is more likely to reflect the more accurate assessment of treatment in a study, relative risk ratio or absolute risk ratio

Answer 26

ARR

Question 27

what is the general hierarchy of types of research for guidelines (highest level of evidence to lowest level of evidence)

Answer 27

1. Randomized Controlled Trials
2. Non-randomized cohort studies
3. Case series or expert opinion

Question 28

_____ studies evaluate large patient populations overtime and reflect patient care in the real world

Answer 28

observational studies

Question 29

observational study outcomes can only show

Answer 29

associations NOT causations

Question 30

generalizability of evidence to clinical practice is called

Answer 30

external validity