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CPH LEC > STAT > Flashcards

STAT Flashcards

1
Q

Is a measure of a characteristic or attribute of a group of people or a sample of a population.
- is a brance of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation and org. of data that will eventually lead to the practical utilization ….

A

Statistics in medicine

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2
Q
  • Is the complete set of possible measurements for which inferences are to be made.
A

Population

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3
Q
  • A complete enumeration of the population. But in most problems, it cannot…
A

Census

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4
Q
  • A sample from a population is the set of measurements that are actually collected in the course of investigation.
A

Sample

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5
Q
  • A characteristic or an attribute that can assure diff. values in diff. persons, places, or things
    ex: Age, Heart rate
A

Variable

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6
Q
  • Characteristics of measure obtained from a population
A

Parameter

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7
Q
  • refers to a collection of facts, values, observations, or measurements that the variables can assume.
A

Data

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8
Q

Uses of statistics: (7)

A
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9
Q
  • The process or method of sample selection from the population
A

Sampling

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10
Q

2 types of variable

1) _________- a variable or char. which can be measured in qualitative form but can only be identified by name or categories.
ex: Place of birth, ethnic group, vital status (dead or alive), ever smoked (yes or no),

2) _________- can be measured by expressed numbering
ex: systolic BP, #of children, height, age, BMIa
a) ______- have a set of possible values that is either finite or countably infinite.
- ex: # of pregnancies
- values are usually whole numbers
b) ______ - has a set of possible values including all values in an interval of real life.
- no gaps bet. possible values
- ex: Height, BMI, BP

A

1) Qualitative Variable
2) Quantitative Variable

a) Discrete Variable
b) Continuous VAriable

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11
Q

-The number of elements or observation to be included in the sample.

A

Sample size

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12
Q
  • An item of interest that can be on many different numerical values.

Some samples of it includes:
*diastolic BP
*heart rate
*height

A

Variable

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13
Q

Is a growing field with application in many areas of biology including epidemiology, med sci, health sci, …
- is the branch of applied stat directed toward application in the health sci and biology

A

Biostatistics

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14
Q
  • A statistical method that is concerned with the collection, organization, summarization, and analysis of data from a sample population

Measures of
CENTRAL TENDENCY- mean, median, mode
DISPERSION- range, standard deviation
ASSOCIATION- risk, ratio, odds ratio

A

Descriptive Statistics

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15
Q
  • A statistical method that is concerned with drawing conclusions/ inferring about a particular population by selecting and measuring a random sample from the population
A

Inferential Statistics

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16
Q

Classification of Statistics

BIOSTATISTICS
1. Descriptive Stat
-Collection
-Organizing
-Summarizing
-Presenting of data
2. Inferential Stat
-Making inferences
-Hypothesis testing
-Determining relationship
-Making the prediction

A
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17
Q

4 types of Measuring Scales

A
  1. Nominal scales of measurement
  2. Ordinal scales of measurement
  3. Interval scales of measurement
  4. Ratio scales of measurement
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18
Q
  • Not only naming and classifying observation is possible
  • When numbers are assigned to categories, it is only for coding purposes and does not provide a sense of data.
    ex: eye color, sex of a person
A

Nominal scales of measurement

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19
Q
  • categorization and ranking (ordering) observation is possible.
  • Can talk of > than or < and it conveys meaning to the value but it is impossible to express the real diff. between
    ex: Socio-economic status (very low, low, medium, high)
A

Ordinal scale of measurement

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20
Q
  • possible to categorize, rank and tell the real difference between any two measures.
  • zero is not absolute
    ex: body temp in deg. F and C
A

Interval scale of measurement

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21
Q
  • the highest level of measuring scale, characterized by the fact that equalizing of ratios as well as equality of intervals can be determined.
  • there is a TRUE ZERO POINT. ZERO IS ABSOLUTE
    ex: volume, height, weight, length
A

Ratio scale of measurement

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22
Q

!!!!!!!!!!

Nominal
- # assigned to runners

Ordinal
- rank order of runner

Interval
- performance rating on a 0 to 10 scale

Ratio
- time to finish in 20 sec

A
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23
Q

Categorical Qualitative=
Nominal- gender, ethnic group
Ordinal- educ. level

Numerical Quantitative=
Interval- temp.
Ratio- biparietal diameter

A
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24
Q

What are the stages in Statistical Investigation?

A

1) Collection of Data
2) Organization of Data
3) Presentation of Data
4) Analysis of Data
5) Interpretation of Data

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25
Q

1) ____________- the process of obtaining measures or counts sources of data

a) _________- data collected directly from the subjects.
ex: Reporter fulfills the defi. of a case, he asks questions.

b) _________- previously collected data
- already existing data obtained by other people
ex: investigator wants to determine types of med cases in a particular hospitals.

A

1) Data Collection

a) Primary Data
b) Secondary Data

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26
Q

Sources of Data Collection

1) Census
2) Registration of vital events
3) Sample registration system
4) Notification of disease
5) Hospital Records
6) Epidemiological surveys
7) surveys
8) Research

A
27
Q

How are data collected?

1) Review of Documents
- simplest and most economical method of collecting data
2) Query
- may be conducted through personal interview
2) Observation
- physical and lab exam

A
28
Q

Desirable Char. of Data Collection
- the data obtained prod. accurate and precise results.

A
28
Q

Measuring instruments or tools for data collection
1) _________- to serve as repository of info
2) _________- essential for asking question
3) _________- needed in the assessment of outcome of process

A

1) Form
2) Questionnaire
3) Device and tests

29
Q

Characteristics related to accuracy:
1)
2)
3)
4)

A
30
Q

Characteristics related to accuracy:

_____________- ability of the device to give identical results when the test is done on the same subject of different observers

A

Objectivity

31
Q

Characteristics related to accuracy:

_____________- the ability of data collection to measure what it is supposed to measure

A

Validity

32
Q

Characteristics related to accuracy:

_____________- ability of a device to give consistent results

A

Precision, Repeatability, or Reliability

33
Q

Characteristics related to accuracy:

_____________- involve the time, amount, and work in the collection of data and interpretation necessary for general use.

A

Practicability

34
Q

Components of Validity: (4)

A

1) Sensitivity
2) Specificity
3) Positive Predictive Value
4) Negative Predictive Value

35
Q

Components of Validity: (4)

____________________- Positive results
- The capacity of a test to pick up or label those who have a disease.

A

SeNsitivity

36
Q

Components of Validity: (4)

_____________________- Capacity of the test to exclude or label negative those who do not have the disease.
- Negative results

A

SPecificity

37
Q

Components of Validity: (4)

_____________________- The chance that a positive result is truly indicative of the presence of a disease or condition

A

Positive Predictive Value

38
Q

Components of Validity: (4)

______________________- The chance that a negative result is truly indicative of the absence of a disease or condition

A

Negative Predictive Value

39
Q
  • overall view of what the data actually looks like
  • facilitates further stat. analysis
  • can be done in the form of tables and graphs or diagrams
A

PRESENTATION OF DATA

39
Q

______________________- Includes editing, classifying and tabulating the data collected

A

ORGANIZATION OF DATA

40
Q

ORGANIZATION OF DATA

Common Types of Classifications are: (4)

1) _______- According to area or region
2) _______- According to occurrence of an event in time
3) _______- According to magnitude (height etc.)
4) _______- According to attributes (gender, blood group, births, deaths

A

Geographical
Chronological
Quantitative
Qualitative

41
Q

Methods of PRESENTATION OF DATA: (3)

A

1) Tabular method
2) Graphical method
3) Pictorial Method

42
Q

3 TYPES OF PRESENTATION OF DATA

1) ____________
- data is presented in the form of a sentence most basic way of presenting data

2) ____________
- data is presented in the form of a sentence most basic way and presenting data
Strengths:
easy to understands
more compact and concise than textual form

3) Graphical Presentation of Data
-simple bar
-Multiple bar diagram
- proportional bar diagram
- pictogram
- bar diagram

A

1) Textual Presentation
2) Tabular

43
Q

Types of table

  1. Frequency Distribution Table
    - suitable for presenting the frequency of nominal and ordinal variables
  2. Association Table
    - when we have to show an association between 2 variables reassured on nominal/ordinal seats we use this table.
    - also called 2x2 table
  3. Master Table
    - One table only
A
44
Q

Graphical Presentation of Data

Bar Diagram
Indication: Comparing freq. of a variable expressed in nominal or ordinal scale. Data is quali or quanti discrete type
method: data is presented in the form of rectangular bars and equal breadth

Vertical Bar Graph
- usually used for discrete quantitative variables no. of illness episode

Horizontal Bar Graph
- usually quantitative variables

Component Bar Graph
- used when we use intervened in showing the proportion of attributes and varieties in groups

Pie Graph/ Chart/ Diagram
- used to show proportions

Pictogram
- is a technique of presenting statistical data through appropriate pics

Shaped maps/ spot maps or dot maps
- map of area

Venn Diagram
- Shows degrees of overlaps and exclusivity for 2 or more char

Histogram
- graphical representation of the frequency distribution of continuous variable
- no space between bars
- vertical scale may show the absolute and relative frequency

Line graph
- plot of dots joined with lines over some period of time

Scatter Plot
- Show rel. bet. 2 quantitative variables
- gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation bet. the variables

Line diagram
- shows trends or events with passage of time

Frequency Polygon
- similar to the histogram except that frequency are plotted against the corresponding midpoint of the classes
- can depict more than 1 destrib
- closed figure

A
45
Q
  • to dig out useful info for decision making
A

Analysis of data

46
Q
  • a process by which a value computed from a sample problem is used to approximate the parameter, the corresponding
A

Estimation

47
Q
  • composed of 2 values a lower limit and upper limit, which can serve as the boundaries within each the parameter is expected to lie with a certain degree
A

Interval estimate

48
Q
  • single numerical value used to approximate the population parameter
A

Point estimate

49
Q
  • statement about the value of a parameter such as mean in proportion or about the relationship between two or more variables
  • is a procedure used to reject or not reject a hypothesis
A

Hypothesis testing

50
Q

Common types of Hypothesis

T- test
- for population means wit independent samples

Paired T-test
- used to compare the means of 2 pop. with dependent/relative samples

One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- can be through of as an extension of the T-test for 2 2 population means with independent samples since it is used to compare the means of more than2 pop.

Correlational Analysis
- used to determine + or - correlation and strength of linear rel. between 2 quanti. variable.
ex: +correlation, - correlation

> age, >BP

A
51
Q
  • the ratio of addition of all values to the total # of observation in a series of data
  • give the formula
A

Mean

51
Q

Measures of Central Tendency: (3)

A

Mean, Median, Mode

52
Q
  • most commonly or frequently occurring observation in a series of data
A

Mode

53
Q
  • is a common type of distribution for a variable, also known as the round distribution
A

Distribution Curve

53
Q

SKEWNESS

Positive Skewed (right pointed)
Mean>Median>Mode

Negative Skewed (left tailed)
Mean<Median<Mode

Symmetric (normal)
Mean=Median=Mode

A
54
Q
  • most widely used and important measure of variation
  • shows how observation and scattered around mean

formula?

A

Standard deviation

54
Q

Measures of Variability: (3)

A
  1. Range
  2. Standard Deviation
  3. Coefficient of Variance
55
Q
  • the center most value in a series of data
  • divides the whole distrib. in 2 equal parts
  • formula?
  • Arranged the # first, if odd n+1/2, n/2
A

Median

56
Q
  • ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as for %

Coefficient of Variance= (SD/mean) *100

A

Coefficient of Variance

57
Q
  • concerned with drawing conclusions from the data collected and analyzed; and giving naming to analysis results
  • diff. task and requires a high degree of skill and experience.
A

Interpretation of data

58
Q
  • a crude measure of variation since it uses only 2 extreme values
  • defined as the difference between the highest and lowest value
A

Range

CPH LEC (3 decks)

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