SS Flashcards
1
Q
13TH AMENDMENT
A
ABOLISHED SLAVERY
2
Q
14TH AMENDMENT
A
RIGHTS TO CITIZENS
3
Q
15TH AMENDMENT
A
GAVE AFRICAN AMERICAN RIGHTS TO VOTE
4
Q
16TH AMENDMENT
A
RIGHT TO LEVY TAXES
5
Q
17TH AMENDMENT
A
ALLOWED VOTERS OF EACH STATE TO ELECT THEIR SENATOR
6
Q
18TH AMENDMENT
A
PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL
7
Q
19TH AMENDMENT
A
WOMENS RIGHT TO VOTE
8
Q
PLESSY V FERGUSON
A
SEPERATE BUT EQUAL
9
Q
DRED SCOTT V SANFORD
A
ISSUES DEBATED OVER SLAVERY EXPANSION
10
Q
MARBURY V MADISON
A
ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW- DECISION GAVE COURT ABILITY TO STRIKE DOWN UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAW.
11
Q
MCCULLOCH V MARYLAND
A
ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (IMPLIED POWERS FEDERAL SUPREMACY)
12
Q
GIBBONS V OGDEN
A
GIVES GOV A MUCH BROADER BASE TO REGULATE ECONOMIC TRANSACTION
13
Q
DRED SCOTT V SANFORD
A
ISSUES DEBATED OF SLAVERY EXPANSION, FURTHERUED FLAMES OF CIVIL WAR
14
Q
BROWN V BOARD OF EDUCATION
A
OVERTURNED PLESSY V FERGUSON AND LAYED GROUND CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND INTEGRATION ACROSS COUNTRY.
15
Q
ROE V WADE
A
ABORTION RIGHTS
16
Q
MIRANDA V ARIZONA
A
MIRANDA RIGHTS
17
Q
OPPORTUNITY COST
A
THE CONCEPT IS THAT THE COST OF AN ACTIVITY IS NOT THE MONETARY LOSS OF A PERSON RECEIVES BUT RATHER WHAT COULD THEIR TIME AND EFFORTS HAVE OTHERWISE BEEN SPENT ON.
18
Q
TEXAS CONSTITUTION
A
ONLY GIVE LIMITED POWERS TO THE STATE GOVERNMENT
19
Q
TOPOGRAPHIC
A
DISPLAYS LARGE DETAILS, FEATURES OF THE GROUND
20
Q
SENECA FALLS 1848
A
FIRST WOMEN’S RIGHTS CONVENTION, TO CALL ATTENTION TO WOMEN’S GRIEVANCES ABOUT BEING DEPRIVED OF SOCIAL, CIVIL, RELIGIOUS RIGHTS.
21
Q
MILITARISM
A
WHERE COUNTRIES BUILD UP THEIR ARMED FORCES
22
Q
ALLIANCES
A
AGREEMENTS DEVELOPED BETWEEN COUNTRIES
23
Q
IMPERIALISM
A
WHERE ONE COUNTRY TAKES OVER ANOTHER AREA.
24
Q
NATIONALISM
A
WHICH IS A STRONG DEVOTION TO ONE’S OWN COUNTRY
25
MEXICAN REVOLUTION
1910-1940 SOUGHT TO END 34 YEAR TERM OF PORFIRIO DIAZ
26
COLD WAR
NON VIOLENT
27
THEMATIC MAP
VOTING AREAS
28
ECONOMIC/RESOURCE MAP
DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
29
CLIMATE MAP
TEMP OF MAP
30
TOPOGRAPHIC
CHANGES IN ELEVATION, MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS
31
POLITICAL MAP
BOUNDARIES OF COUNTRIES AND MAJOR CITIES
32
CON COLD WAR
- REFERS TO POLITICAL TENSION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND SOVIET UNION AFTER WORLD WAR 2
- BOTH THREATENED THE USE OF NUMBER WEAPONS
33
JONAS SALK
INVENTED POLIO VACCINE IN 1955
34
FACTOR MARKET
THE LABOR MARKET
35
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, AND ENTERPRENUERSHIP
36
MICROECONOMICS
STUDY OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR DECISIONS
37
MACROECONOMICS
DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE
38
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
| THE SENATE
39
TEXAS ANNEXATION
LEAD TO MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR B/C- MEXICO DID NOT RECOGNIZE TEXAS AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE
40
NATURAL RIGHTS
BELONG TO AN INDIVIDUAL W/NO REQUIREMENTS
41
SPINDELTOP OIL DEMRICK
BIG ECONOMIC SHIFT IN TEXAS IN 1900S
42
PANAMAL CANAL
WATER ROUTE FROM PACIFIC TO ATLANTIC OCEAN
43
DARK AGES
THE CULTURE EXPERIENCED A DETERIORATION
44
CABEZA DE VACA
1ST EUROPEAN TO EXPLORE THE LAND OF TEXAS
45
POST CIVIL WAR HISTORY
WRITTEN LANGUAGE 3100 BCE
PRINTING PRESS MOVABLE 1439- JOHANNES GUTENBERG
STEAMTRAINS STEAM LOCOMOTIVE INTRODUCED IN ENGLAND IN 1804
AUTOMOBILES HENRY FORD 1913
PLANES 1903 ORVILLE WRIGHT
TELEGRAPH SAMUEL MORSE 1865
RADIO 1920S
TELEVISON FIRST BROADCAST 1939, WIDESPREAD US 1950S
INTERNET ESTABLISHED BY MILITARY DURING COLD WAR
MADE PUBLIC IN EARLY 1990S
SOCIAL MEDIA COMMONPLACE 2010
46
THE ABOLITIONISTS
BELIEVED SLAVERY WAS IMMORAL AND WORKED TO OVERTURN IT. THEY WROTE PAPERS HELPED ESCAPE SLAVES ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AND SAME INCITED REBELLIONS.
47
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
SIGNED "JUNE 28TH, 1919 OFTEN CALLED GREAT WAR OR WAR TO END ALL WARS.
48
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
OCT 29,1929
STOCK MARKET CRASHED, BLACK TUESDAY
BY 1933 UNEMPLOYMENT WAS AT 25%
49
DUST BOWL
CAUSED FARMS TO LOSE THEIR LAND AND MOVE TO EAST/WEST COASTS
50
THE NEW DEAL
```
DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT MADE ECONOMIC POLICIES KNOWN AS THE NEW DEAL
-3R'S
RELIEF- FOR UNEMPLOYED/POOR
RECOVERY- OF THE ECONOMY
REFORM- THE FINANCIAL
```
51
FACISM
A THEORY OF STRONG, CENTRALIZED SINGLE-PARTY GOVERNANCE, WHICH BECOME DOMINANT IN GERMANY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL, WAS COUPLED WITH RACIST POLITICS.
52
COMMUNISM
A THEORY THAT WORKING CLASS (PROLETARIATS) MUST UNITE AND CONTROL THEIR OWN MEANS OF PRODUCTION, TOOK OVER RUSSIA (AS THE SOVIET UNION) AND ABOLISHED AND PRIVATE OWNERSHIP.
53
COLD WAR-
NON VIOLENT, W/SOVIET UNION DURING WHICH TIME THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MILITARY TECHNOLOGY WAS KEY TO MAINTAINING THE UNITED STATES STATUS AS A WORLD SUPERPOWER.
54
TRIANGULAR TRADE
BETWEEN AMERICAS, EUROPE AND AFRICA
| GREAT BRITIAN FLAG NEVER FLEW OVER TEXAS
55
GREAT RIVER VALLEYS
THE NILE, INDUS RIVER, TIGRESS AND EUPHRATES RIVER (FORMING FERTILE CRESCENT)
56
SILK ROAD
RAN FROM CHINA THROUGH AFGHANISTAN INTO PERSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE.
WAS A LONG TRADE ROUTE SYSTEM THAT OPENED TRADE (BOTH GOODS AND IDEAS) BETWEEN EUROPE, THE MUSLIM MIDDLE EAST, AND THE FAR EAST.
57
THE CRUSADES
FUELED BY RELIGIOUS REASONS IT CAUSED THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND IDEAS.
58
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
WAS TOO LARGE TO EFFICIENTLY OPERATE, SPILL IN 285 C.E AND ITS SUCCESSOR STATES SLOWLY DECLINED FOR THE NEXT THOUSAND YEARS
59
ROMAN EMPIRE
ESTABLISH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, WHICH WOULD. GROW TO BE THE SINGLE MOST POWERFUL INSTITUTION IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE.
60
RENAISSANCE
THE REBIRTH A TIME OF SIGNIFICANTLY RENEWED INTEREST IN THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS (GREECE AND ROME)
61
COPERNICUS
IDEA THAT THE UNIVERSE IS HELIOCENTRIC
62
GALILEO GALILEI
EXPANDED ON COPERNICUS, TELESCOPE
63
FRANCES BACON
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
64
RENE DESCARTES-
REVISED THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD; IDEA OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
65
ISSAC NEWTON
REVOLUTIONIZED MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, DEFINING THE LAW OF GRAVITY AND LAWS OF MOTION
66
SAM HOUSTON
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC/SERVED AS SENATOR AND GOV OF TEXAS.
67
ANN RICHARDS
FEMALE GOV OF TEXAS
68
OLMEC
CIVILIZATION, THE FIRST MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION INVENTED THE LONG COUNT CALENDER, WRITING SYSTEM AND IS REMEMBERED FOR THE EXCELLENCE OF THEIR STONE CARVINGS.
69
TOLTEC
KNOWN FOR SKILLS IN METAL AND POETRY WORKS
70
TEOTIHACON CIVILIZATION
KNOWN FOR MONUMENTAL PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES AND ROADS.
71
MAYAN
KNOWN FOR STAIR STEP TEMPLES, DETAILED CARVINGS, HAD ADVANCED WRITINGS AND MATHEMATICS.
72
NORTHWEST PASSAGE
WATER ROUTE THROUGH NORTH AMERICA TO THE PACIFIC TO TRADE W/ASIA.
73
JACQUES CARTIER
LED THE EXPLORATION, FOUND 3 MAJOR COLONIES: QUEBEC, LARGE TERRITORY OF LOUSIANA, AND FRENCH WEST INDIES.
74
ENGLISH EXPLORATION
LED BY SIR FRANCIS DRAKE - DEFEATED SPANISH AMERICA
75
DUTCH EXPLORATION
- ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA AND NEW AMSTERDAM
- DEVELOPED A MASSIVE TRADING EMPIRE.
76
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
SWAP OF GOODS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS
77
IF A COMMAND ECONOMY CHANGES TO MARKET ECONOMY, WHAT WILL HAPPEN?
ECONOMY WILL NO LONGER BE CONTROLLED BY THE GOV.
78
CATTLE DRIVE
BARBED WIRE INVENTED AND MADE CATTLE
79
IMPACT ON COLD WAR ON TEXAS ECONOMY?
WAS REFERENCE TO THE SPACE RACE AND HOW IT FUELED OUR ECONOMY IN TEXAS BY DEVELOPING THAT INDUSTRY HERE.
80
REASON FOR ANNEXATION OF TEXAS
NORTH OPPOSED SLAVERY, WHILE THE SOUTH BELIEVED IT WAS RIGHT. Annexing Texas would increase the number of slave states.
81
CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR?
BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH
OVER STATE RIGHTS, SECTIONALISM, POWER AND SLAVERY TARIFFS/ECONOMY
(NORTH HAD BETTER ECONOMY THAN THE SOUTH)!
82
FEDERALISM
POWER SHARED BETWEEN NATIONAL GOV. AND THE STATE
83
FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
-CREATED THE "LEND LEASE ACT"
ALSO THE "NEW DEAL" (SOCIAL SECURITY)
-RELIEF, REFORM, RECOVERY ("3R'S)
84
ASSEMBLY LINE
ALLOWS MASS PRODUCTION
85
VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES -
1ST COLONIAL LEGISLATIVE BODY ELECTED BY COLONISTS LOWER SECOND HOUSE.
86
BILL OF RIGHTS
FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION, PASSED BY CONGRESS 1789, INTENDED TO PROTECT INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE'S RIGHTS
87
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
EXCHANGE OF CULTURAL INFORMATION/LIFE STYLE AMONG PEOPLE WORLDWIDE.
EX- WE USE COTTON AND IT COMES FROM INDIA (DEVELOPED)
88
CULTURE ADAPTATION
INTEGRATING INTO A NEW CULTURE
| -4STAGES- HONEYMOON, CULTURE, SHOCK, RECOVERY AND ADJUSTMENT (EX-IMMIGRANTS)
89
WHY DID PEOPLE LIVE IN THE NILE?
TO PROTECT FROM ATTACKS
| AND AGRICULTURE LIFE
90
MAYFLOWER COMPACT
PILGRIMS PLEDGED BEFORE EMBARKING SHIP, THEY MADE RULES; "JUST AND EQUAL" COMMITMENT TO DIRECT DEMOCRACY
91
BRANCHES OF GOV
EXECUTIVE- ENFORCES LAWS- GOV, PRESIDENT, MAYOR, FBI, IRS
LEGISLATIVE- MAKES LAWS- CONGRESS
JUDICIAL- RESOLVES ISSUES- SUPREME COURT
92
WHERE IS INDIA LOCATED ON MAP, LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE?
20 DEGREE NORTH AND 77 DEGREE EAST
93
COMMAND ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT CONTROLS THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM. IT'S A TOLITARIAN SYSTEM (DICTATORSHIP) EX-NORTH KORA AND CUBA
94
MARKET ECONOMY
WHAT IS BEING PRODUCED DETERMINED BY SELECT PEOPLE AND BUSINESS (GOV. MAINLY STAYS OUT OF IT)
(US HAS A MARKET ECONOMY)
95
MAGNA CARTA
THE GREAT CHARTER: THE GOV AND KING IS NOT ABOVE THE LAW
96
MANIFEST DESTINY
(WESTWARD EXPANSION) FIRST WAS DEMOCRATIC SLOGAN BUT THEN EMBRACED LATER BY REPUBLICAN. AMERICANS BELIEVED IT WAS THE COUNTRYS DESTINY TO STRETCH FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TO PACIFIC
97
COLD WAR
BETWEEN US AND SOVIET NONVIOLENT LASTED TILL 1991
98
GEORGE MASON AND JAMES MADISON
BOTH FEDERALISTS
99
GEORGE MASON
KNOWN FOR THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND VIRGINIA BILL OF RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTION
100
JAMES MADISON
MADE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION BY WRITING THE FEDERALIST'S PAPERS. KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION.
101
STEPHEN AUSTIN
"FATHER OF TEXAS"
102
BATTLE OF THE ALAMO
SANTA ANNA AND HIS ARMY WON AND KILLED 300 MEN DEFENDING THE ALAMO.
103
TARIFF
TAX ON PROGRESS
104
GDP
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT- ESTIMATE STANDARD OF LIVING. THINGS THAT CHANGE IT- PHYSICAL CAPITAL
2. HUMAN CAPITAL
3. NEW TECHNOLOGY
105
MAJORITY RULE
AT LEAST ONE MORE THAN HALF A GIVEN NUMBER
106
MINORITY RIGHTS
LESS THAN HALF OF A GIVEN NUMBER
107
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
WHEN PEOPLE AGREE TO ESTABLISH AND ABIDE BY A GOVERNMENT
108
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
IDEA THAT AUTHORITY FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION COMES FROM THE PEOPLE AND THE PEOPLE ARE THE ONLY SOURCE FOR THE GOVERNMENT'S POWER.
109
DUE PROCESS
JUDICIAL REQUIREMENT THAT LAWS MAY NOT CONTAIN PROVISIONS THAT RESULT IN UNFAIR OR UNREASONABLE TREATMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL.
A. REQUIRES NOTICE TO A PERSON THAT THEY ARE ACCUSED OF DOING SOMETHING WRONG AND THAT THE GOVERNMENT INTENDS TO TAKE ACTION.
B. GIVES THE PERSON THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD CONCERNING THE ACCUSATION OF WRONGDOING.
110
LIMITED GOVERNMENT
PRINCIPLE THAT GOVERNMENT IS NOT ALL-POWERFUL AND IS RESTRICTED IN WHAT IN IT MAY DO.
111
BRANCHES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: BICAMERAL, OR TWO-CHAMBER, CONGRESS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WHOSE MEMBERS SERVE TWO-YEAR TERMS AND THE SENATE WHOSE MEMBERS SERVE SIX-YEAR TERM. MAKE THE LAWS.
112
GREAT COMPROMISE
DECISION TO HAVE A BICAMERAL CONGRESS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, BASED ON THE POPULATION OF THE STATE. THE SENATE HAS TWO MEMBERS FROM EACH STATE.
113
CHECKS AND BALANCES
ALLOWS EACH BRANCH OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO CHECK OR LIMIT THE POWER OF EACH OF THE OTHER BRANCHES.
114
POLITICS
EFFORT TO CONTROL OR INFLUENCE THE POLICIES OF THE GOVERNMENT
115
POLITICAL PARTIES
GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO TRY TO GET OTHERS TO AGREE WITH THEIR IDEAS AND ELECT LEADERS WHO AGREE WITH THEIR IDEAS. REPUBLICAN/ DEMOCRAT.
116
PLEDGE ALLEGIANCE
WRITTEN BY FRANCIS BELLAMY
117
STAR SPANGLED BANNER
AMERICA'S NATIONAL ANTHEM
118
PAYING FOR GOVERNMENT SERVICES
FEDERAL TAX DOLLARS ARE SPENT ON MILITARY, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, AGRICULTURE, TRANSPORTATION, EDUCATION, AND VETERAN BENEFITS.
119
NATIONAL BIRD:
BALD EAGLE
| 1. TEXAS BIRD: MOCKINGBIRD
120
NATIONAL FLOWERS
ROSE
| 1. TEXAS FLOWER: BLUEBONNET
121
NATIONAL MOTTO
"IN GOD WE TRUST"
| 1. TEXAS MOTTO: FRIENDSHIP
122
LIBERTY BELL
SYMBOL OF LIBERTY, IN PHILADELPHIA
123
STATUE OF LIBERTY
SYMBOL OF LIBERTY OF PHILADELPHIA
124
UNCLE SAM
NICKNAME OF THE US FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
125
SIX FLAGS OVER TEXAS
PHRASE THAT DESCRIBES THE 6 COUNTRIES THAT HAVE CONTROLLED THE STATE OF TEXAS
126
SAN JANCINTO MONUMENT
570-FOOT SHAFT. DEDICATED TO THE HEROES OF THE BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO AND THE TEXAS REVOLUTION.
127
MONUMENT RUSHMORE
SOUTH DAKOTA, CARVED INTO GRANITE FACE OF THE MOUNTAIN ARE SCULPTURES OF THE HEAD OF 4 PRESIDENTS: GEORGE WASHINGTON, THOMAS JEFFERSON, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
128
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE DAY
MARCH 2 TEXAS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS SIGNED
129
CONSTITUTIONAL DAY
SEPTEMBER 17, COMMEMORATED THE FORMATION AND SIGNING OF THE CONSTITUTION
130
CELEBRATE FREEDOM WEEK
WEEK OF SEPTEMBER 17, TEACHING OF THE COUNTRY'S ORIGIN WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE FOUNDING DOCUMENTS.
131
ABIGAIL ADAMS
WIFE OF 2 PRESIDENT AND MOTHER OF 6TH PRESIDENT
132
JAMES BARKER III:
POLITICIAN AND STATESMAN WHO SERVED TWO U.S PRESIDENTS: RONALD REAGAN AND GEORGE HW.BUSH
133
RUBY BRIDGES: 1 AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILD TO INTEGRATE A WHITE SOUTHERN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FRANTZ ELEMENTARY.
134
ADINA DE ZAVALA AND CLARA DRISCOLL
MEMBERS OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS WHO HELPED PRESERVE THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
135
HENRY B GONZALEZ
1-HISPANIC U.S REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE STATE OF TEXAS
136
WALLACE JEFFERSON
1. AFRICAN AMERICAN CHIEF OF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
137
BARBARA JORDAN
1. AFRICAN AMERICAN ELECTED TO THE TEXAS SENATE AFTER RECONSTRUCTION AND 1- AFRICAN AMERICAN SOUTHERN TO BE ELECTED INTO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
138
DEMOCRACY
GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN WHICH POLITICAL CONTROL IS EXERCISED BY ALL PEOPLE, EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES. DECISION-MAKING, FEDERALISM MEANS POWER IS SHARED BY STATES AND GOVERNMENTS. BOTH LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT, STATE AND FEDERAL, HAVE THEIR AGENCIES AND PASS LAWS THAT AFFECT CITIZENS. LIMITED FORM OF GOVERNMENT BECAUSE THE POWER OF GOVERNMENT IS LIMITED BY CITIZENS.
139
OLIGARCHY
FEW POWERFUL INDIVIDUALS HOLD ALL THE POWER.
140
TOTALITARIANISM
ONE POLITICAL GROUP MAINTAINS COMPLETE CONTROL UNDERSTAND DICTATORSHIP AND BANS ALL OTHER POLITICAL GROUPS. GOVERNMENTS POWER HAS NO LIMIT.
141
MONARCHY
ONE SINGLE PERSON IS THE HEAD OF THE STATE.
142
HOW TO CREATE AMENDMENTS CURRENTLY 27 AMENDMENTS
1. PROPOSED TO CONGRESS OR BY A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION CALLED BY THE STATE LEGISLATURES.
2. MUST BE PASSED THROUGH CONGRESS ON 2/3 VOTES.
3. GOES TO THE STATES AND IF 3 QUARTERS OF THE STATES APPROVE THE AMENDMENT, IT HAS BEEN RATIFIED AND IS CONSIDERED PART OF THE CONSTITUTION.
