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BIO916 2 > Sören - "Simple" animals > Flashcards

Sören - "Simple" animals Flashcards

1
Q

Concept: taxonomy

A

Kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

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2
Q

Metazoa generellt

A

Heterotrophic and aerobic. Mobile. One posterior flagellum. 30 - 35 phyla.

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3
Q

Metazoa multicellularity

A

Evolved multicellularity independently. It’s a two step process:
1. Unicellular organisms do not break up after division, and become colonial.
2. Colonial forms divide labour between cells, and become truly multicellular.

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4
Q

Metazoa movement

A

They move with muscles, contractile.

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5
Q

Metazoa nerves

A

They have nerves. Specialized cells adapted to sensing environment and sending messages to other parts of the body.

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6
Q

Mesazoa collagen

A

All have connective tissue that contain large amounts of collagen. This is vital in order to keep the cell structure, as there are no cell walls.

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7
Q

Metazoa basal membrane

A

Epithelial cells (the surface of tissues) are covered by a membrane where all the cells are attached. This serves as structural support and as a defensive barrier.

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8
Q

Metazoa traits (5 st)

A

Multicellularity, muscles, nerves collagen, basal membrane.

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9
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Similar (although not identical) right and left side.

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10
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Multiple, very similar part (like a flower).

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11
Q

Ctenophora generellt

A

Phylum. Kammaneter. The most basal of all animals (first to diverge). Small group, about 150 globally. Only marine, can occur in brackish waters. Higher cell diversity than Porifera and Cnidaria. Radial symmetry.

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12
Q

Concept: water balance

A

If the osmolarity is different inside than outside of the animal, it will loose (terrestrial) or gain (freshwater) water.
Osmoconformers: marine/brackish, the same osmolarity as the surroundings.
Osmoregulators: actively move water in or out.

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13
Q

Ctenophora feeding

A

Carnivores. Colloblasts (special cell type) have adhesive filaments to capture prey. Colloblasts are often on long, mobile tentacles. If present, always two tentacles. Muscular mouth can swallow prey.

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14
Q

Ctenophora digestion

A

Food transfer to other body parts via diffusion. Blind anal sacs: normally no opening, but forms temporary anus when needed.

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15
Q

Concept: larvae

A

A life stage looking drastically different from the adult. Scaled down offspring are called juvenile.

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16
Q

Ctenophora life cycle

A

Planktonic throughout their life cycle. The free swimming larva-stage gradually transform into adults. Adults are generally hermaphroditic.

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17
Q

Ctenophora movement

A

Most swim exclusively through cilia. A small number has muscular vertical movement.

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18
Q

Ctenophora organs

A

Very few internal organs, more than 90% water. Hydrostatic skeleton: a cavity filled with water, supported by fluid preassure. Respiration through skin. Excretion through gut and skin. No vascular system.

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19
Q

Concept: statocyst

A

A balance organ with somewhat similar logic as the inner ear. A small, minerlalized object is within a sac of nerve cells. It determines which side is down.

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20
Q

Ctenophora nervous system

A

No brain or central ganglia. No eyes. Has a nerve net and an apical organ opposite to the mouth, with the statocyst.

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21
Q

Porifera generellt

A

Phylum. Sponges. Radial symmetric or asymmetric. About 10000 species. The majority are marine, the rest live in fresh water. Extremely simple, and have lost many traits.

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22
Q

Concept: feeding type

A
  • Active search: searches for and selects food.
  • Filter feeders: animals generate a water current and take up particles from the water.
  • Suspension feeders: animals take up particles from the water, but do not generate a water current.
  • Substrate feeders: live in and eat through substrate. Deposit feeder is a type of substrate feeder, living in and feeding on soil.
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23
Q

Porifera feeding

A

Filter feeders. Food taken up by choanocytes; specialized cells. The energy is transfered cell to cell to other parts. No extracellular digestion.

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24
Q

Asconoid

A

In porifera. The simplest kind of this type of structure. Used for uptake of food. Unidirectional water flow. Water flows into inner “spongoel”. Choanocytes take up much of the food. Water exits through opening on the top. Looks like a sac/bag.

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25
Q

Syconoid and leuconoid

A

Structures in Porifera for food uptake.
Syconoids effectively fold sides to increase surface area.
Leuconoid have a more complex, three-dimensional structure with choanocytes in chambers. They have a bigger surface area. Unidirectional water flow.

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26
Q

Porifera endosymbiotic

A

Some endosymbiotic green algae are common in fresh water Porifera. There are somtimes endosymbiotic dinoflagellates or cyanobacteria in marine Porifera.

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27
Q

Porifera cells (7 st)

A
  • Choanocytes: food uptake.
  • Pinacocytes. create outer “skin”.
  • Porocytes: surrounds the pores that let in water.
  • Sclerocytes: creates spicules.
  • Spongocytes: creates protein skeleton.
  • Germ cells: creates eggs or sperm.
  • Archeocytes: amoeboid mobile cells that corresponds to stem cells (can become all cell types)
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28
Q

Porifera life cycle

A

Generally hermaphrodites. Sperm is released in water, captured by choanocytes and delivered to eggs by archeocytes; internal fertilization. Larvae are free living, ciliated, mobile and non-feeding.

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29
Q

Porifera asexual reproduction

A

Marine species often have fission: connections to small parts are weakened by the organism, they fall off, flow away, and becomes a new sponge.
Some fresh water species create gemmules inside them in fall. The sponge dies, gemmule survives, becomes a new sponge when the habitat is ready.

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30
Q

Porifera movement

A

Adults are sessile. Larvae are mobile using cilia. No distinct muscles, but some species can slowly contract using the same proteins as in muscles.

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31
Q

Porifera skeleton

A

Only for structure, not for movement. A combination of protein (spongin) and mineral spicule (made of silica or calcium carbonate).

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32
Q

Porifera nervous system and organs

A

No nervous system, internal organs, eyes or sensory organs. Larvae can sense light, similar to light sensitivity in protists.

33
Q

Demospongiae

A

Phylum Porifera, class Demospongiae. About 9000 species. Spicules made of silica. All species are leuconoid.

34
Q

Homosclerophorida

A

Phylum Porifera, class Homosclerophorida. About 80 species. Spicules made of silica. All species are leuconoid. The only Porifera with a basal mambrane.

35
Q

Calcarea

A

Phylum Porifera, class Calcarea. About 400 species. exclusively marine. Asconoid, syconoid or leuconoid. Spicules are made by calcium carbonate.

36
Q

Cnidaria generellt

A

Phylum. Nässeldjur. About 11000 species. Radial symmetrical. Marine or freshwater.

37
Q

Cnidaria cnidocyst

A

Has been called the most cell type in any animal. Used to capture prey. Generally penetrates and poisons the prey. Somtimes entangles prey instead.

38
Q

Porifera classes (3 st)

A

Demospongiae, Homosclerophorida, Calcarea.

39
Q

Cnidaria subphylum (4 st)

A

Anthozoa (koralldjur), Myxosporea, Scyphozoa (maneter), Hydrozoa

40
Q

Cnidaria food

A

Captures food with cnidocysts. Genereally suspenstion feeders, but can be filter feeders. Active feeding in some.
Many groups have photosynthetic symbionts, dinoflegellates (one group of Scyphozoa, several groups of Hydrozoa and almost all Anthozoa).
Parasitism in Myxosporea.

41
Q

Cnidaria digestion

A

All food transfer via diffusion. No anus, waste leaves through mouth. Species that capture big prey sometimes have cnidocysts in their guts to pacify engulfed prey.

42
Q

Concept: coloniality

A

Multiple individuals joind together, sharing resources. They may or may not have division of labour.

43
Q

Cnidaria coloniality

A

Simple coloniality in many Anthozoa and some Hydrozoa: individuals are connected, but with no or very limited dividision of labour.
Complex coloniality in many Hydrozoan and in one group of Anthozoa: some polyps may specialize in reproduction or colony defence.

44
Q

Anthozoa life cycle

A

Nearly always external fertilization.
Free swimming larvae settles and becomes a polyp, which grows up and reproduce.
Larvae moves with cilia and is non-feeding.

45
Q

Anthozoa asexual reproduction

A

Colonial forms, including most corals, can over time split into multiple polyps. In these polyps, asexual reproduction can happen if the colony breaks apart.

46
Q

Myxosporea life cycle

A

Two hosts, one vertebrate and one annelid.
Multicellular spore at infection.
Grows inside host as undifferentiated cells that functions like unicellular organisms.
Sometimes intracellular parasites.

47
Q

Myxosporea sign of cnidarian relationship

A

The polar bodies in the spores are modified cnidocysts. They are likely used to attach to host tissue.

48
Q

Syphozoa life cycle

A

Sexual reproduction in medusa.
Medusa is either male or female.
Free swimming larvae that moves with cilia and does not eat.
Larvae settles to polyp.
Polyp may potentially reproduce asexually.
Each polyp create a number of medusa.

49
Q

Hydrozoa life cycle

A

Sexual reproduction in medusa.
Medusa is either male or female.
Free swimming larave with cilia, does not eat.
Some have reduced medusa. In the most extreme cases, medusa functions like attached gonads.
Parts of the polyp buds of to form a medusa.

50
Q

Cnidaria movement

A
  • Muscular (except Myxosporea, that have lost them).
  • Sessile form can contract body.
  • Planktonic forms can swim throught jet propulsion.
51
Q

Cnidaria skeleton

A
  • Hydrostatic skeleton, mainly through gelatinous mesoglea between gut and skin. This is relied on for movement.
  • Exoskeleton only for support/defense. Made by calcium carbonate in many groups of Anthozoa and Hydrozoa.
52
Q

Cnidaria organs

A

Very few internal organs, more than 90% water.
Respiration and excretion through skin/gut.
No circulatory system.

53
Q

Cnidaria nervous system

A
  • Has a nerve net.
  • No brain or central ganglia.
  • No nervous system in Myxosporea.
  • Statocyst and very simple eyes are generally present in all medusa.
54
Q

Anthozoa diversity

A
  • About 6000 species.
  • Excluively marine.
  • Lacks medusa.
  • Very often contains a photosynthitic symbiont.
55
Q

Myxosporea diversity

A
  • About 1300 species.
  • Exclusively endoparasites with two hosts.
  • Extremely reduced. Has cnidocysts, but otherwise looks like protozoans.
56
Q

Scyphozoa diversity

A
  • About 200 species.
  • Exclusively marine.
  • Medusa generation is most noticable.
  • Rarely contains photosynthetic symbionts.
57
Q

Hydrozoa diversity

A
  • About 3600 species
  • Mainly marine, but there are fresh water species.
  • Variable importance of polyp and medusa.
  • Many colonial species, often complex colonies.
  • Some species contain photosynthetic symbionts.
58
Q

Bilateria traits (3 st)

A
  • Bilateral symmetry, well defined head.
  • Excretion organs.
  • Anus.
59
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) generellt

A
  • About 24000 species.
  • Bilateral symmetric.
  • Well-defined head.
  • Internal body organs, but no body cavity.
  • No anus.
  • The vast majority are parasites.
  • Rarely terrestrial.
60
Q

Platyhelminthes regeneration

A

Extreme regenerative ability.
Any part can be regrown.
If you cut them into large part, they turn into multiple faltworms.

61
Q

Platyhelminthes subgroups (4 st)

A

Free-living worms, Monogenea, Cestoda (tapeworms) and Digenea.

62
Q

Platyhelminthes structure

A

All groups except Cestoda looks wormlike and flat.
Cestoda is extremely reduced: adults have a hook, scolex, to attach. The rest of the body is identical segments called proglottids, which effectively are just full of gonads.

63
Q

Platyhelminthes tegument

A

Adults of Monogenea, Cestoda and Digenea lack cilia and have syncytial (not completely seperated cells) skin called tegument, where the nuclei are deeped in the tissue.
This reduces the immune response of the host.

64
Q

Platyhelminthes food

A
  • Free-living: generally carnivores. Moth ventrally (lower surface).
  • Monogenea: ectoparasites. Moth anterior.
  • Digenea: endoparasites. Mouth anterior.
  • Cestoda: endoparasited. No mouth. Adults live in intestines.
65
Q

Platyhelminthes digestion

A

Cestoda: no digestion system. Absorbs nutrients through skin from host.
The rest have extracellular digestion in gut, but lacks anus, waste exits through mouth.

66
Q

Free-living flatworm lifecycle

A
  • Effectively always hermaphrodites.
  • Lays eggs. Ciliated larvae in some marine species, the rest lack larvae.
  • Always mating.
  • Often cross-fertilization.
  • Many forms have asexual reproduction through budding.
67
Q

Free-living flatworm sexual battle

A

Many species have hypodermic impregnation: the sharp penis penetrated the skin, and the sperm can find the ovary from any part of the body.
Mating often involves “penis fencing”.

68
Q

Monogenea life cycle

A
  • Hermaphrodites, mating.
  • Eggs hatch, ciliated nonfeeding larvae swims to host and attaches. Often host and tissue specific.
  • Adult permanently attached.
69
Q

Cestoda life cycle

A
  • Hermaphrodites, mating inside host.
  • Proglottids may erupt inside host, and eggs excreted with faeces. They may also fall off the body, and be excreted with faeces.
  • Eggs eaten by intermediary host. Ciliated larvae move inte muscles and encysts.
  • Some species have asexual reproduction inside the cysts.
  • Cyst is eaten by primary host, adult develop and stay in intestines of vertebrate.
70
Q

Free-living flatworm movement

A

Hydrostatic skeleton.
Many marine forms swim through muscular movement.
Benthic and terrestrial species glide over substrate using cilia and muscles.

71
Q

Parasites Platyhelminthes movement

A

Hydrostatic skeleton.
Cestoda/Monogea: adults immobile, larvae ciliated movement.
Digenea: first larval stage is ciliated, adults genereally mobile with muscles.

72
Q

Platyhelminthes organs

A

Respiration through skin/gut.
No circulatory system.
Nitrogen waste mainly through gut/skin.
Well developed excretion system, mainly for water balance.

73
Q

Platyhelminthes atteched organs

A
  • Scolex for permanent attachment in Cestoda.
  • Posterios hook organ for attachment in Monogenea.
  • Anterior sucker in most Digenea.
74
Q

Platyhelminthes nervous system

A
  • Nervous system present.
  • Some degree of brain, but memory is also stored elsewhere.
  • Simple eyes present in free-living species, some species have statocysts.
  • Sensory organs and nervous system somewhat reduced in parasites.
75
Q

Platyhelminthes free-living species diversity

A

About 4500 species.
Marine, fresh water, terrestrial.
Generally carnivores.
Many microscopic, but up to 50 cm.

76
Q

Platyhelminthes Monogenea diversity

A

About 8000 species.
Endoparasites on a single host.

77
Q

Platyhelminthes Cestoda diversity

A

About 5000 species.
Endoparasites on multiple hosts.
Extremely simplified adults.

78
Q

Platyhelminthes Digenea diversity

A

About 8000 species.
Endoparasites with multiple hosts.
Normal adult morphology.
Extremely complex life cycle.

BIO916 2 (3 decks)

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