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Sociology - family > Socioogy Of Personal Life, The Traditional Family And The Changing Life Course > Flashcards

Socioogy Of Personal Life, The Traditional Family And The Changing Life Course Flashcards

1
Q

In the past what was an individuals life course strongly influenced by?

A

Traditional norms and customs

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2
Q

What do Allan and Crow suggest about life course in the past?

A

In the 20th century there was a standard life course for most within the institution of marriage. When their children left home couples had more leisure time and time with their grandchildren

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3
Q

What does Levin say life course was in the past?

A

Life course was ‘compulsory’ due to strong social norms. The family unit took on the socially accepted format of a ‘cereal packet’ family

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4
Q

What do Postmodernist such as Lewis suggest about individuals life curse today?

A

Individuals today have greater freedom to choose in their personal behaviour rather than being regulated by an externally imposed public moral code. No longer a ‘typical family’

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5
Q

Why is there no longer a typical family?

A
  1. Huge divorce increase
  2. Decline in the idea of marriage
  3. Cohabitation now considered normal
  4. Women becoming mothers older and having fewer children
  5. More serial monogamy
  6. More stepfamilies or lone parents
  7. Civil partnerships and marriage for gay people
  8. Gay people can openly form families
  9. More births outside of marriage
  10. Growing ethnic diversity with families
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6
Q

What did May argue about personal relationships?

A

Personal relationships are now diverse within and beyond families that it would be appropriate to study the sociology of personal life rather than families which aren’t at the centre of many peoples lives and relationships

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7
Q

Gabb

A

Relationships outside the family can affect relationships within the family

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8
Q

what did Chambers suggest about individualisation?

A

That it has been a central explanation for changes in ideas about love, commitment family decline and for the development of new kinds of personal relationship

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9
Q

Who developed the individualisation thesis?

A

Giddens
Beck
Beck
Beck-Gernsheim
Bauman

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10
Q

How does Beck-Gernsheim describe individualisation?

A

Process whereby the traditional social relationships, bonds customs, values and beliefs used to strongly regulate peoples lives have been losing more of their meaning and influence

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11
Q

What does Bauman argue about growing individualisation and change?

A

Kinship networks are frail and human bonds are weak.
People are searching for security
Leading to a growth in family diversity and personal living arrangements

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12
Q

What does Beck-Gernsheim say the underlying cause of individualisation is?

A

Modern medicine e.g. contraception and artificial insemination which enables sexuality and reproduction to be separated from each other

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13
Q

How has the growth of equality of women through education and employment affected women’s economic dependence?

A

Reduced women’s economic dependence on men and marriage
The family have lost their economic significance

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14
Q

How are growing expectations of women in relationships beyond the norms of ‘expressive’ roles of traditional relationships shown?

A

2/3 divorces initiated by women

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15
Q

Why does Beck-Gernsheim suggest that it’s no longer clear who or what are part of the family?

A

No longer talk of husband and wives, parenthood is unclear - artificial insemination, family names - people may keep their own name or double-barrel theirs

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16
Q

What does Beck-Gernsheim point out about growing individualisation?

A

With growing individualisation love rather than economic necessity guides peoples approaches to relationships

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17
Q

What does Beck-Gernshein argue love is changing from?

A

From romantic love ,where people got married and stayed together no matter what, to ‘until the next best thing’ - confluence love

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18
Q

What does Giddens link to confluent love?

A

Pure relationships where individuals choose to stay together to meet emotional and sexual needs

19
Q

What does chambers point out about pure relationships?

A

Such relationships aren’t permanent and don’t involve long term commitment and stability enforced by external pressures such as demands of parents and wider kin established by social traditions

20
Q

What do Beck and Beck-Gernsheim suggest an individualised world is?

A

More insecure

21
Q

Why do Beck and Beck-Bernstein suggest an individualised world is more insecure?

A

Love is the only place people can find themselves and connect with others

22
Q

How does Giddens see same sex couples?

A

Leading the way producing more democratic and equal relationships

23
Q

What does Giddens say same sex couples base their relationships on?

A

choice rather than traditional roles and so can create family structures serving their own needs

24
Q

What did Wester find that same sex couples created?

A

Supportive families of choice from among friends, former lovers and biological kin

25
Q

Who does Chambers agree with?

A

Smart

26
Q

What does Chambers argue about cereal packet families?

A

Although they have declined it doesn’t mean people can do whatever they want.
Most people still committed to the values surrounding their conduct passed down by their culture, history, parents and communities

27
Q

What do chambers and smart suggest about individualisation?

A

It only fit a small group of white heterosexual middle class and some same sex couples and ignores social class and ethnic differences and in same sex relationships continuing fears of public hostility in some communities

28
Q

What does Beck say about the growth of negotiated family?

A

They don’t conform to traditional norms but vary according to wishes and expectations of members

29
Q

What does Smart argue we are fundamentally?

A

Social beings whose choice is always made within a web of connectedness

30
Q

What does Finch and Mason argue about individuals negotiating relationships?

A

They are embedded within family connectedness and obligations restrict their freedom of choice e.g. parents who separate remain linked by their children

31
Q

What do Beck and Beck-Gernsheim say about endless choice?

A

People face endless choices about what they should do as they make their way through their life course which contributes to family diversity and alternative housing arrangements

32
Q

How many divorces were there in 1961?

A

27,000

33
Q

How many divorces were there in 1993?

A

180,000

34
Q

How many divorces were there in 2012?

A

130,000

35
Q

What does a declining divorce rate reflect?

A

Less people getting married

36
Q

How many divorces were there for every marriage in 1974?

A

1 divorce for every 4 marriages

37
Q

How many divorces were there for every marriage in 2012?

A

2 divorces for every 4 marriages

38
Q

What are the three ways divorce statistics are presented?

A
  1. Total number of divorced petitions per year
  2. Total number of decrees absolute granted per year
  3. The divorce rate
39
Q

Why must divorce statistics be treated with caution?

A

If misleading conclusions about the declining importance of marriage and the family are to be avoided

40
Q

What may the increase in divorce rates reflect?

A

Easier and cheaper divorce procedures enabling the legal termination of already unhappy ‘empty shell’ marriages rather than real marriage breakdowns
People who in previous years could only separate are now divorcing as legal and financial obstacles are removed

41
Q

What do divorce statistics not show?

A
  • number of people separated
  • number of people in empty shell marriages
  • how many unstable/ unhappy marriages existed before divorce was made easier by changes in the law and changing social attitudes towards divorce
42
Q

What is an empty shell marriage?

A

Separation through choice or necessity, or death of a partner

43
Q

2 reasons for increase in divorce rate?

A
  • changes in law have gradually made divorce easier and cheaper
  • changes in society have made divorce more practical and socially acceptable

Sociology - family (14 decks)

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