Socioemotional Development in INFANCY

Question 1

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.

Answer 1

Emotion

Question 2

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

Answer 2

primary emotions

Question 3

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.

Answer 3

self-conscious emotions

Question 4

A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

Answer 4

basic cry

Question 5

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.

Answer 5

anger cry

Question 6

A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

Answer 6

pain cry

Question 7

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.

Answer 7

reflexive smile

Question 8

A smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face.

Answer 8

social smile

Question 9

An infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life.

Answer 9

stranger anxiety

Question 10

An infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life.

Answer 10

stranger anxiety

Question 11

An infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.

Answer 11

separation protest

Question 12

Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Answer 12

Temperament

Question 13

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Answer 13

easy child

Question 14

A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

Answer 14

difficult child

Question 15

A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

Answer 15

slow-to-warm-up child

Question 16

Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

Answer 16

goodness of fit

Question 17

Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

Answer 17

social referencing

Question 18

A close emotional bond between two people.

Answer 18

attachment

Question 19

An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

Answer 19

Strange Situation

Question 20

Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Answer 20

securely attached babies

Question 21

Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

Answer 21

insecure avoidant babies

Question 22

Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Answer 22

insecure resistant babies

Question 23

Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

Answer 23

insecure disorganized babies

Question 24

Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

Answer 24

developmental cascade model

Question 25

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.

Answer 25

reciprocal socialization

Question 26

Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents; these interactions allow infants to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely only on their own abilities.

Answer 26

scaffolding