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Psychology A Level > Social Infuence > Flashcards

Social Infuence Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of conformity

A

Internalisation, identification, compliance

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2
Q

What’s compliance

A

Weak type of conformity, confirming in public whilst not changing your private behaviour or opinion. This stops as group pressure stops

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3
Q

What’s identification

A

Moderate type of conformity publicly change your behaviour and opinions to be accepted by group even if we don’t private agree with everything the group stands for

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4
Q

What’s internalisation

A

Deep type of conformity involving genuine change of private views to match the group. Permanent

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5
Q

Why do people conform?

A

Normative social Influence and informational social influence

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6
Q

What’s normative social influence

A

When we conform to be liked& accepted. Emotional process. Only public change. You feel scared of rejection

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7
Q

What’s informational social influence?

A

Conform to be right and correct. Cognitive process bc its to do with what you think. Leads to permanent change in behaviour

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8
Q

Difference between compliance and identification

A

Identification- you do it because you value the group

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9
Q

Internalisation

A

Accepting groups views, genuinely changing your private and public views. Permanent change

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10
Q

What’s normative social influence

A

When people conform because they have a desire to be liked

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11
Q

What was aschs research?

A

When he wanted to investigate conformity in a group setting where the answer was obviously wrong

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12
Q

What did aschs research find? And Conclusion of it

A

On the 12 trials, the mean average conformity rate was 33%
75% confirmed atleast once
Conclusion that people change opinions to avoid standing out and that a majority can influence a minority in an unambiguous situation where the answer is obvious demonstrating normative social influence

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13
Q

What are the variables affecting conformity investigated by asch

A

Group size, the unamity of the majority, the difficulty of the task

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14
Q

How does group size affect conformity investigated by Asch

A

Condition one - one participant 1 confederate
3% conformed
Condition two- one participant 2 confederates
13% conformed
Condition 3 - 1 participant 3 confederates
32% conformed

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15
Q

How does the unamity of the majority Affect conformity aschs experiment

A

Asch broke unamity by adding a confederate who always gave the right answer. The conformity rate fell from 33% to 5%
Then he added a confederate that gave a different answer from the majority, rates fel, to 9%

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16
Q

What happens to conformity rates when the Difficulty of the task is quite high asch experiment

A

Level of conformity increased as situation is ambiguous so we are morelikely to conform due to ISI

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17
Q

Procedure of aschs experiment

A

Misinformed participants telling them they were taking part in a study on the perception of line length
Sample consisted of 123 American male college students
Group of 6-7 only 1 participant others confederates

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18
Q

Evaluation of Aschs research

A

It’s a child of its time as there has been a cultural change regarding the importance of conformity since then. This is a limitation of aschs research as his reasearch lacks lacks temporal or historical validity. Not consistent across time. They redid experiment in 1980s and only 1 person conformed out of 396 trials

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19
Q

Evaluation of aschs research methodological issues

A

Demand characteristics are cues in the environment that may cause participants to change their behaviour.Participants were aware they were in a study they may have behaved unnaturally. This is a problem as it would lower the studys internal validity.
Additionally, the line length lacks mundane realism. Findings can’t be generalised to everyday situations of conformity

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20
Q

What are social roles

A

Parts people play in society

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21
Q

What’s the standard prison experiment?

A

Controlled participant observation - despite being named the standard prison experiment
Zimbardo wanted ton experiment if guards behave brutaliy because of their personality or is it because of the prison environment that causes the behaviour?

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22
Q

Evaluation of zimbardo prison experiment STRENGHTHS

A

Useful practical applications - helps us to explain conformity in situations such as Abu Ghraib
High ecological validity as it was a stimulated prison environment

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23
Q

Evaluation of zimbardo prison experiment LIMITATIONS

A

Lacks generalisability as it was 24 male American white college students - we can’t argue widerpopulation eg females would behave same
Unethical - they weren’t protected from harm - right to withdraw

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24
Q

Evaluate the Stafford prison experiment

A

Limitations of zimbardos study comes in contradictory research and findings. On reicher and haslams 2006 replication participants didn’t conform to their social roles automatically. For example the guards didn’t identify with their status and refuses to impose their authority. The prisoners identified as a gr9up to challenge the guards authority which resulted in a shift of power and collapse of prison system. This 8s a limitation as results contradict findings of zimbargo and show that social doles may not be automatic

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25
Q

What was the procedure of the zimbardo prison experiment?

A

Established a mock prison in the Stanford University.
Volunteers recruited from newspaper. They were male American college students. Had to go through psychological tests to see if they’re emotionally stable
Students were randomly assigned to act as prisoner or guard. Prisons were arrested at their homes to increase realism
Prisoners called by their numbers, guards had control over them

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26
Q

Findings of zimbardo Stanford prison experiment and conclusion

A

Guards took their role with enthusiasm, abusive slowly. Enforced rules and punished prisoners highlighting the difference in social roles
Prisoners rebelled within 2 days, guards abusive, study was terminated after 6 days
The simulation revealed the power of the situation to influence people’s behaviours. Guards and prisoners conformed to their social roles and this was taken on very quickly

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27
Q

Evaluating research- GREED

A

Generalisability - are the group of participants representative of the rest of the world?
Reliability - has the research been repeated? Did it have the same outcomes?
Ethics - is it ethical
Ecological validity-was the study something that would happen in real ,ife
Demand characteristics - have the participants changed their behavourir to match the aims of study

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28
Q

Evaluating research- GREED

A

Generalisability - are the group of participants representative of the rest of the world?
Reliability - has the research been repeated? Did it have the same outcomes?
Ethics - is it ethical
Ecological validity-was the study something that would happen in real ,ife
Demand characteristics - have the participants changed their behavourir to match the aims of study

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29
Q

Obedience explaination

A

A form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order. Person is usually figure of authority with power to punish

30
Q

Explanaton for obedience AGENTIC STATE

A

A mental state in which an individual behaves as if he/she is an agent of another person. This allows the person to deny responsibility for their actions and distance themselves from the consequences of those actions

31
Q

What agentic shift

A

autonomous state where we take full responsibility to agentic state

32
Q

What’s, legitimacy of authority

A

When people are obedient as they accept the power and status of legitimate authority figurebecuase they have the power to punish

33
Q

Procedure of milgrams study

A

Advert - asking for volunteers to take part in a study of memory
40 American males (20-50 age)
The participants paired with confederate at uni. There weere 2 confederates explaining the experiment and the other was learner
Teacher told to ask learner questions and if they got it wrong they would give an electrical shock starting at 15 volts moving up by 15 till 150 volts
If the Teacher tried to stop, the professional in the lab coat would give them prods to keep going

34
Q

Aim of milgrams study

A

Wanted to find out whether ordinary Americans would obey an unjust order from a person in authority

35
Q

Baseline findings of milgrams study

A

Al participants went upto atleast 300 volts on the shock generator.65% went upto the max 450 volts

36
Q

Baseline findings of milgrams study

A

Al participants went upto atleast 300 volts on the shock generator.65% went upto the max 450 volts

37
Q

Conclusion on milgrams study

A

Under certain circustmaves people will unwillingly go against their moral judgementsand obey authority figure

38
Q

Evaluate milgrams experiment

A

Might not be testing what it Intended to test
Low in generalisaiblity as the samp,e was only 40 male Americans.
Low in ecological validity as giving schocks is not an everyday example of obedience
Demand characteristics - decreasing reasearxhs validity
Ethical issues - deception, right to withdrawal. Protection fro harm.

39
Q

Types of experiments

A

Lab,field, natural quasi

40
Q

Features of lab experiments and strengths and limitations

A

Artificial as its a highly controlled environment
The reasercher manipulates the iv and records the effects on the dv whilst having control over extraneous and confounding variables
High internal validity as we can establish a cause and effect relationship but low ecological validity

41
Q

Describe field experiments and strength and weaknesses.

A

Takes place in a natural everyday setting. reasercher manipulates iv to record the effects of DV.
High ecological validity but not possible to control and eliminate extraneous variable

42
Q

What’s a natural experiment and strengths limitations

A

Iv not manipulated by researchers. Researchers take advantage of pre existing iv. Can take place in lab or natural environment
High ecological validity and allows research that might be unethical
Extraneous variables .

43
Q

What’s a quasi experience strength and limitations

A

Iv is an existing difference between people eg age gender
Can take place in lab or field

44
Q

What’s a quasi experience strength and limitations

A

Iv is an existing difference between people eg age gender
Can take place in lab or field

45
Q

Variations of milgrams studies and percentages

A

The researcher was placed in a different room to the real participant, they were instructed to shock on the phone which led to obedience falling from 65% to 20.5%
Research in. A Run down office 47.5% compared to prestigious uni
Bickman - IV uniform vs not, in uniform 92% not 49%

46
Q

Authoritian personality origins

A

Formed in childhood mostly due to harsh& strict parenting style
Create resentment and hostility in child, but unable to express to parent due fear of punishment
Leads to them displacing fear onto others

47
Q

Adornos findings

A

Those with an authoritarian personality
1) contemptuous of those thought to be weak
2) conscious of other ppls status
3) stereotypes of pplsb

48
Q

Procedure of adornos f scale

A

Attitude towards racial minorities wide measured in 2000 whitw Americans.
F scale was also used to measure the different components tha make up an authoritarian personality

49
Q

Aim of adorno

A

Measure if certain types if personalities are more likely to obey

50
Q

What do the findings of adornos authoritian personality research suggest?

A

People with an authoritarian personality tend to be very obedient to authority because they have enormous respect for them
They believe we need strong leaders to enforce traditional values
They show contempt for people they perceived as having inferior social status

51
Q

Evaluation of authoritarian personality supporting evidence

A

Milgram found that when 20 obedient participants from Milgrams original obedience research (who had delivered 250V) were questioned using the F scale, the obedient participants scored higher on authoritarianism

52
Q

Evaluation of authoritarian personality negatives

A

Evidence by milgram shows that situational variables have a greater effect on obedience than disposition. Bickman showed that wearing uniform rather than ordinary clothes doubled obedience levels from 49 to 92%
Deception protection from harm

53
Q

Explanation of resistance to social support

A

It refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or obey authority
Social support. If atleast 1 person in group resists pressure to conform or obey(dissenter) this can help others to do same .

54
Q

Evaluation of social support

A

Asch found in his line judgement task that when one of the confederates gave a different answer to the others, the conformity rates dropped from 33% to 5%
In one of the milgram variations, the participant was one of a team of three testing the learner. The confederates refused to administer the shocks and obedience rates fell from 65% to 10%
Allen and levine conducted an asch type experiment, when dissenters were present conformity rates decreased even when the dissenters wore thick glasses and problem with vision

55
Q

Locus of control - explanations of resistance to social influence

A

Refers to the extent to which people feel they have control over the events that influence their life
Those with an internal locus of control believe- they can control the events in their life, what happens to them is a consequence of their own ability and effort. More likely to resist social influence and rely less on opinion of others

External locus of control- they have a sense that things just happen to them and are largely cut out of their control. What happens to them is determined by external factors. Take less personal responsibility for their actions and less likely to resist social influence

56
Q

Evaluation of locus of control explanations of resistant to social influence

A

Support - crowne et Al completed an asch type experiment and then measured whether participants had an internal or external LOC. He found that internals conformed less than externals
Holland repeated milgrams baseline study and found that internals were more likely to disobey and refuse to go to the highest shock level than externals
Strength as both studies demonstrate link between loc and resistance to social influence

57
Q

Evaluate locus of control as explanations of resistance to social influence- contradictory evidence

A

Not Al evidence supports link between internal LOC and resistance to social influence
Twenge etc Al analysed findings from obedience studies over a 40 year period and found that despite people being resistant to social influence, they increasingly believed their fate was determined more by luck rather than their own actions suggestive of an external LOC

58
Q

Correlational evidence evaluation of locus of control as explanations of resistance to social influence

A

Correlational evidence fails to establish cause and effect, eg that having an internal locus of control causes a person to defy authority or not conform
There could also be a unknown variable such as individual personality
This is an issue because the locus of control explaination for resisting social influence may lack validity

59
Q

What’s minority influence and 3 factors which influence how successful the minority are in converting majority

A

Where a minority of people persuade others adopt their beliefs attitude or behaviour
Consistency, commitment, flexibility are the 3 factors which influence how successful the minority are in converting majority

60
Q

What’s conversion

A

A majority group will try to convert the majority to their way of thinking, and majority tries to understand
Change is deep when it happens

61
Q

Whats consistency and 2 types

A

Repetition increases awareness and interest in from the majority

Synchronic consistency - people in minority all saying same thing
Diachronic consistency - they’ve been saying Same thing for time now

62
Q

Consistency research moscovici et Al 1969
Procedure

A

Participants asked to view set of blue coloured slides that varied in brightness, and then state whether the slides were slides were blue or green
2 of 6 participants were confederates
Consistent condition: the 2 confederates consistently called the blue slides green on all trials
Inconsistent condition- 2 confederates called the slides green 24 times and blue 12 times
Control group also judged slides without confederates

63
Q

Commitment on minority social influence

A

Sometimes minorities engage in extreme acitivities to draw attention to their cause
Risk to minority but they take it showing commitment to the cause
Generates interest in minoritys cause

64
Q

Flexibility in minority social influence

A

It’s shown when minority listen to the views of others and try to act just or amend their views to those of majority
Nemeth and brilmayer

65
Q

Consistency social influence findings moscovici

A

Consistent condition- participants called the slides green in 8.42% of the trials and 32% of these participants called a slide green atleast once
Inconsistent trial- participants called the slides green on only 1.25% of the trials

66
Q

Evidence to support role of commitment in minority social influence

A

Real life examples Suffragettes, civil rights movement, and gay rights. Led to many policy and law reforms eg equal pay act for women
Supports importance of commitment in minority influence.
However your seen as deviant due to taking part in extreme activities that are used to demonstrate commitment

67
Q

Flexibility research support nemeth and bilmayer minority influence.

A

They tested a mock jury situation where group members discussed the amount of compensation to be paid to someone being involved in a ski lift accident
When confederate put forward an alternative POV and refused to change his position, this had no influence on group but when they showed flexibility and compromised to had influence .

68
Q

Evaluation of minority influence, consistency, commitment and flexibility

A

Behaviour style (consistency commitment and flexibility may not be the most important factor in minority influence)
Research Indictaes that if majority identifies with minority, they’re more likely to change their views in line with those in minority
Eg one study showed that a straight manjority were influenced more by a minority arguing for gay rights if the minority were straight rather than pay. (Maass et Al.
This is because the straight majority identified with the straight minority

69
Q

Process of social change

A

Drawing attention to issue
Consistency
Commitment
The snowball effect - more people gradually pay attention the minority view, until it reaches a tipping point, which leads to wide scale social change
Social cryptomesia - people can remember a change in social attitudes or behaviours that occurred but they forget the origins of that change or who were responsible for it

70
Q

Scoail influence through majority influence

A

Normative social influence
Mikgram obedience

Psychology A Level (3 decks)

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