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micro > Skin & Oral Mucosa > Flashcards

Skin & Oral Mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the skin layers

A

Epidermis (5 layers) & dermis (2 layers)

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2
Q

What areas have thick skin

A

palms & soles

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3
Q

What areas have thin skin

A

majority of the body

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4
Q

Is the hypodermis (subcutaneous fat) part of the skin?

A

It is closely associated with, but not part of the skin

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5
Q

What kind of epithelium does the Epidermis have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What populates and regenerates the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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7
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum –> Lucidum (thick skin only) –> granulosum –> Spinosum –> Basale

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8
Q

What is the cell turnover from basal to superficial layers of the epidermis

A

renewed every 15-30 days

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9
Q

What produces sweat glands and hair follices

A

invaginations of the epidermis

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10
Q

Does the epidermis contain free nerve endings (sensory receptors)?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Is the epidermis avasculature?

A

yes, the cells have to receive nutrients from the dermis

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12
Q

What is coated with extracellular layer of lipids for water barrier

A

The stratum corneum

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13
Q

What is cornification?

A

Occurs in the stratum corneum: When the keratinocytes are pushed to the surface and become flatted dead cells = squames

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14
Q

Does the stratum corneum have nuclei or organelles present?

A

No, and the keratin filaments replace the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is desquamation?

A

The surface cells are shed and replaced continuously to maintain thickness

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16
Q

Is stratum corneum thick?

A

The layer varies in thickness, thick skin (15-20 layers)

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17
Q

What is found only thick skin and absent in thin skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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18
Q

What layer has thin, transparent layer of flattened keratinocytes?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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19
Q

What is considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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20
Q

What layer has refractile appearance and stains poorly?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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21
Q

What layer has no nuclei nor organelles present due to degeneration?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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22
Q

Is nuclei and organelles present in the stratum granulosum?

A

Yes, but soon cells degenerate and flatten

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23
Q

What granules are present in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin granules (basophilic): accumulated and adhere keratin filaments together and initiate cornification process

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24
Q

Does the stratum granulosum undergo keratinization

A

yes, the cells fill with keratin and move to the surface to be sloughed off

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25
Q

Does the stratum granulosum have thick or thin skin?

A

Both, it can have thin or interrupted in thin skin (3-4 cells in thick skin)

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26
Q

What is typically the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Spinosum & they have the largest keratinocytes

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27
Q

What are keratinocytes attached by in the stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosomes (junctional complexes): gives off spiny/ prickly appearance

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28
Q

What layer has cells that exhibit mitotic activity (cell division) and is actively synthesizing keratins?

A

Stratum spinosum

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29
Q

What layer of the epidermis has a round and euchromatic nuclei?

A

Stratum spinosum

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30
Q

What epidermis layer is the deepest?

A

Stratum Basale, and its adjacent to the dermis

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31
Q

What kind of cell shape does the stratum basale have?

A

single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

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32
Q

What kind of cells reside in the stratum basale layer?

A

Contains progenitor cells from which new keratinocytes arise by active mitotic division (cell division)/cell proliferation & will be pushed upward, with round euchromatic nuclei

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33
Q

What layer rests on the basal lamina of the basement membrane

A

Stratum basale

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34
Q

What layer contains melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of thick skin?

A

palms of the hands & soles of the feet
subject to most abrasion
(0.8 mm to 1.5 mm thick)
hairless, hairless thus no sebaceous glands
thick epidermis
Contains sweat glands

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of thin skin?

A

found on majority of the body
(0.5 mm on the eyelid, 5 mm on the back)
Hairy
thin epidermis, dermis can vary in thickness
contains hair follicles with sebaceous glands
Contains sweat glands

37
Q

What is the difference in thickness within the epidermis layers

A

Corneum
thick > thin

Lucidum
Absent in thin

Granulosum
thick > thin

Spinosum
thick > thin

Basale
thick = thin

38
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis and what are their functions?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
    Highly specialized epithelial cells
  2. Langerhans cells
    Antigen-presenting cells involved in signaling in the immune system
  3. Melanocytes
    Pigment-producing cells
  4. Merkel cells
    Mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings
39
Q

What cell participates in the formation of the epidermal water barrier

A

keratinocytes

40
Q

Where does the keratinocytes originate from?

A

stratum basale

41
Q

How do keratinocytes renew themselves

A

exfoliated cells are constantly being replaced by a steady flow of terminally differentiated cells

42
Q

What cells make up 2%-5% of the epidermis

A

Langerhans cells

43
Q

What layer is the langerhans cells commonly seen in?

A

Spinosum layer

44
Q

What cell provides immunosurveillance? What is immunosurveillance?

A

Langerhans cells; immunosurveillance: sensing the outer environment through dendritic processes

45
Q

How does langerhans cells stain?

A

stains very poorly with routine histological stain

46
Q

Where are melanocytes predominantly located

A

Stratum basale

47
Q

What cells synthesize melanin granules which are transferred to keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes

48
Q

Octopus like processes

A

melanocytes

49
Q

What cell appear clear in an H&E-stained section

A

melanocytes

50
Q

True or false: The number of melanocytes is approximately the same irrespective of race

A

True!

51
Q

What is the epidermal-dermal junction and what is its function

A

Scalloped margin consisting of epidermal pegs and dermal papillae

Strengthens attachment of epidermis to the underlying dermis

52
Q

What is situated deep the epidermis and overlies the hypodermis

A

Dermis

53
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

arranged in 2 layers:
papillary layer = loose CT
reticular layer = dense irregular CT

54
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

collagen, elastic fibers (stretch)

blood & lymphatic vessels (richly vascularized for temperature & blood pressure regulation)

nerves/nerve endings & encapsulated receptors

hair follicles with sebaceous glands, & sweat glands

55
Q

What are the characteristics of the papillary layer

A

composed of loose CT
houses the dermal papillae
loops of small blood vessels, capillaries, nerve endings

56
Q

What are the characteristics of the reticular layer

A

composed of dense irregular CT
forms the bulk of the dermis
houses blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves/nerve endings

57
Q

What are the characteristics of the hypodermis

A

aka superficial fascia/subcutaneous tissue

Deep to dermis but NOT part of the skin

composed of loose CT with adipose tissue

Serves as major energy storage

Provides insulation & cushioning

hair follicles with sebaceous glands

Contains individual smooth muscle cells (arrector pili) “goose bumps”

sweat glands

encapsulated sensory receptors

58
Q

Associated structures

A

Derived from down growths of epidermal epithelium during development

Includes: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands (Apocrine & Eccrine), nails, tactical receptors

59
Q

Hair follicles

A

Thin skin only with sebaceous glands

similar development to teeth

60
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Simple, branched acinar glands
Sebum (lipid-rich/ oily secretion)

61
Q

Sweat glands

A

Simple coiled tubular glands, associated with BOTH thick & thin skin, secretory portion located deep in the dermis or hypodermis, duct continues to the surface of the skin

62
Q

Apocrine

A

secretes thick, odorous fluid into hair follicles

63
Q

Eccrine

A

discharges watery fluid onto skin surface

64
Q

Tactile receptors

A

located either superficial or deep in the dermis (or hypodermis)
respond to touch, pressure, & vibration

65
Q

Functions of the oral mucosa

A

protection, taste, secretion, sensation, regeneration, absorption

66
Q

What does the oral cavity extend?

A

Extends from the lips to the junction of mouth and pharynx

67
Q

What are the subdivision oral cavity

A

vestibule and oral cavity proper

Vestibule - external junction between teeth & gingivae
Oral Cavity Proper - internal space between dental arches

68
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded by

A

Bounded by:
Roof – hard & soft palate
Posterior – oropharynx
Floor – tongue & mylohyoid mm

69
Q

What are the oral junctions

A

mucocutaneous (vermillion boarder)
mucogingival

70
Q

What are the main layers of the oral epithelium

A

Oral Epithelium (3 types & 3-4 layers)
Lamina Propria (2 layers)

71
Q

What is the lining mucosa

A

Oral Epithelium (3 types & 3-4 layers)
Lamina Propria (2 layers)

72
Q

What is the masticatory mucosa

A

Oral Epithelium (3 types & 3-4 layers)
Lamina Propria (2 layers)

73
Q

What is the specialized mucosa

A

Lines dorsal surface of tongue;
mechanical functions & taste

74
Q

What are some characteristics of the lining mucosa for the oral mucosa?

A

Only 3 distinct layers
Not keratinized
No lucidum or granulosum

75
Q

What are characteristics of the masticatory mucosa for the oral mucosa?

A

Only 3 distinct layers
Not fully keratinize – pyknotic nuclei
No lucidum or granulosum

76
Q

What are characteristics of the specialized mucosa for the oral mucosa?

A

4 distinct layers
fully keratinize – squames
No lucidum, but granulosum present

77
Q

What are components of the submucosa

A

Loose ct, Fat cells, Blood vessels, Nerves, Salivary glands

78
Q

Submucosa mucosa

A

lining: present
Specialized: present
Masticatory: only in lateral hard palate (fatty and glandular zone)

79
Q

what is the general characteristics of the lining mucosa

A

Function - protection & stretch
Location - Lines majority of the oral cavity & vestibule: cheeks, lips, soft palate, uvula, alveolar, sublingual
Epithelium - Non-keratinized
Lamina Propria Papillae - Few shallow
Submucosa - present

80
Q

what is the general characteristics of the masticatory mucosa

A

Function - Protect against forces of mastication
Location - Gingiva & hard palate
Epithelium - Parakeratinized or Orthokeratinized
Lamina Propria Papillae - Tall
Submucosa - ONLY in lateral hard palate: fatty zone & glandular zone

81
Q

what is the general characteristics of the specialized mucosa

A

Function - taste
Location - Dorsal surface of tongue
Epithelium - Parakeratinized or Orthokeratinized
Lamina Propria Papillae - Lots of thick
Submucosa - present

82
Q

What are characteristics of the filiform

A

Filiform
anterior 2/3 dorsal tongue
Most numerous type of papillae
Tough, abrasive surface
No tastebuds

83
Q

What are characteristics of the fungiform

A

anterior 2/3 dorsal tongue
Less numerous than filiform papillae
Mushroom shaped
Taste buds on surface

84
Q

What are characteristics of the circumvallate

A

8-10 Near sulcus terminalis
non-keratinized epithelium on lateral walls
Surrounded by a moat
Taste buds on lateral wall
Von Ebner glands: clustered around

85
Q

what epithelium covering a CT core

A

Papillae

86
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane contain (skin)?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Sweat glands
Hair follicles

87
Q

What does vermillion zone contain

A

Epithelium
lamina propria

88
Q

Mucosa Membrane (lining mucosa) contains:

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Minor salivary gland

89
Q

Where is the mucogingival junction

A

Between adjacent gingiva & alveolar regions, transitioning from lining to masticatory mucosa.

micro (3 decks)

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