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Cancer LCRS > Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Skin Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Which cancer is derived from keratinocytes?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Which cancer is derived from melanocytes?

A

Malignant melanomas

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3
Q

Which skin cancers are derived from the vasculature?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Angiosarcoma

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4
Q

Which skin cancer is derived from lymphocytes?

A

Mycosis fungoides

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5
Q

What does carcinoma actually mean?

A

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

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6
Q

What does sarcoma actually mean?

A

Malignant tumour of SOFT TISSUE

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7
Q

Give two genetic causes of skin cancer

A

Gorlin’s syndrome

Xeroderma pigmentosum

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8
Q

What is the defect in Gorlin’s syndrome and which skin cell cancer does this predispose to?

A

Defective PTCH 1 gene

Increased risk of basal cell carcinoma

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9
Q

What is the defect in Xeroderma pigmentosum? What skin cancer does this increase the risk of?

A

Defect in nucleotide excision repair

Increased risk of any type of skin cancer

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10
Q

Give two viral causes of skin cancer

A

HHV8 - Kaposi’s sarcoma

HPV - squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

What is the viral cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

HHV8

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12
Q

What is the viral cause of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

HPV

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13
Q

List three cancers that UVB light can cause

A

Basal cell
Squamous cell
Malignant melanoma

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14
Q

What is the typical appearance of a malignant melanoma?

A

Asymmetrical
Dark appearance through thermoscope
Irregular edge

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15
Q

Which two skin cancers have increased in incidence in the UK?

A

Malignant melanoma

Basal cell carcinoma

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16
Q

Increase in sun exposure in the south of Britain has lead to what?

A

Increased incidence of malignant melanoma

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17
Q

Why have basal cell carcinomas increased?

A

Probably due to decreased hat wearing
Increased sun holidays
Increased sun tanning

18
Q

What type of DNA damage is caused by UVA and UVB?

A

Pyrimidine dimers

19
Q

What does UVA cause?

A

Free radicals

Pyrimidine dimers

20
Q

Which of UVA/B is more carcinogenic?

A

UVB

21
Q

What is the outcome of cells damaged by UV?

A

Repair
Apoptosis if irreparable
p53 mutation -> cancer

22
Q

What is the cause for the red appearance of skin following sun exposure?

A

Apoptosis

23
Q

Why does apoptosis fail sometimes?

A

The UV radiation also damages the Langerhans cells

24
Q

What is the classification for skin types and what is it based on?

A

Fitzpatrick phototypes; looks at whether people burn/tan

25
Q

Describe the production of melanin and how it eventually protects DNA of skin cells.

A

Sun exposure stimulates keratinocytes to release MSH.
MSH stimulates dendritic melanocytes to produce melanin.
The melanin is delivered to the keratinocytes and deposited around the DNA so that the DNA is protected.

26
Q

What is the precursor for melanin?

A

Tyrosine

27
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin

Phaeomelanin

28
Q

What colour is eumelanin?

A

Brown/black

29
Q

What colour is phaeomelanin?

A

Reddish brown/yellow

30
Q

Which gene determines the ratio of melanin production? How many polymorphisms are there?

A

MCR1

Over 20 polymorphisms

31
Q

List five types of malignant melanomas

A 
Lentigo maligna 
Nodular malignant 
Acral lentiginous melanoma 
Superficial spreading malignant melanoma 
Amelanotic melanoma
32
Q

What is another name for melanoma in situ?

A

Lentigo maligna

33
Q

Where is the cancer in lentigo maligna? Describe this cancer

A

Restricted to the epidermis i.e. no invasion
Flat
Dark
Irregular edges

34
Q

What is the difference between a lentigo maligna and a lentigo maligna melanoma?

A

A lentigo malgina melanoma HAS invaded, whereas a lentigo maligna hasn’t

35
Q

Where are the cancer cells in superficial spreading malignant melanoma?

A

Melanocytes in epidermis and dermis

36
Q

In which three directions do superficial spreading malignant melanomas grow? What are the official terms for this?

A

Spreading upwards (pagetoid spread)
Upwards (vertical growth phase)
Outwards (radial growth phase)

37
Q

Why is there an increased risk of metastasis with superficial spreading malignant melanomas?

A

There is invasion of the basement membrane because the cancerous melanocytes are in the dermis as well as the epidermis, therefore there’s an increased risk of further invasion elsewhere.

Note:

Epidermis
BM
Dermis

38
Q

What is used to assess melanomas and which skin cancer does this particularly apply to?

A

ABCDE rule

Superficial spreading malignant melanoma (SSMM)

39
Q

What is the ABCDE rule?

A 
Asymmetry 
Border
Colour
Diameter 
Erythematous
40
Q

Which skin cancer does the ABDCDE rule not really apply to?

A

Nodular melanomas as they have a different appearance

Cancer LCRS (10 decks)

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