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MEDI 100 > Significance > Flashcards

Significance Flashcards

1
Q

Poet Prudentius

A

Lived 348-410. Described a church in Constantinople that had decorative glass windows that created “colours without number.” One of the first mentions of coloured windows.

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2
Q

Venerable Bede

A

Stated that glazing was unknown to the English in 675 CE, wrote Homiles on the gospels, Spoke out about Spurious Monasteries in 734 CE.

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3
Q

Where did St. Columba found his most important monastery?

A

On the Island of Iona in the “Scottic” Kingdom of Dal Riada in 563 CE.

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4
Q

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

A

lived 1090-1153. Compared the harmless yet beautifying passage of sunlight through glass to the miraculous passage of the Holy Spirit through the Virgin Annunciate.

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5
Q

Gothic Europe (Significance in glass)

A

Stained glass flourished as a major art form in Gothic Europe from the mid 12th-16th c.

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6
Q

Iona

A

One of the first sites of Christianity in a “Scottic” Kingdom, founded 563 CE.

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7
Q

Cathach of St. Columba

A

made late 6th-7th century, it is the oldest surviving example of an Irish majuscule script. Relatively undecorated except for some large, hollow initials that begin each psalm. Collection of psalms (poetic prayers) attributed to David. Possibly transcribed at St. Columba’s monastery in Iona.

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8
Q

Book of Durrow

A

Earliest of the great decorated Insular gospel books, late 7th century. Comprised of curvilinear motifs associated with Celtic art, including spirals, peltas and trumpet-forms. Taken from either Iona, Northumbria or coastal Ireland to Durrow to evade Viking raids 8th-9th century.

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9
Q

Synod of Whitby

A

King Oswy of Northumberland acknowledged the supremacy of the Roman Church in 664 CE.

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10
Q

Lindisfarne Gospels

A

Made 700 CE in an influential scriptorium in Lindisfarne, it was written and illuminated in honor of Abbot Cuthbert’s elevation to Sainthood. Interlinear gloss was added by monk Aldred. This gloss is the oldest surviving edition of the gospels in a version of the English language. There were also colophons that said who helped make the manuscript.

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11
Q

Billfrith

A

An anchorite, created the covers of the Lindisfarne gospels with gold, silver and jewels.

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12
Q

Lady Chapel, All Saints’ North Street, York

A

1330 CE, 14th century workshop of John Thornton. Displayed smaller stained glass works in a more intimate setting so viewers could absorb more detail of the work.

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13
Q

King Alcfrith of Northumbria

A

Elite patron of the church, reigned 685 - 705 CE.

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14
Q

Tympanum from St. Lazard, Autun

A

made in 1120-1135, depicts the Last Judgement. It is didactic; conveys to parishioners the consequences of sin and rewards of a just, moral life. Reminder of salvation and damnation.

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15
Q

King Edward the Confessor

A

lived 1003 - Jan 1066. Because of his death in 1066 and his failure to complete his kingly duties by producing direct heirs, a massive conflict broke out for the claim to the English kingdom.

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16
Q

Earl Harold Godwindson

A

1022 - Oct 14th, 1066. Very wealthy Earl from a prominent Anglo-Saxon family and is crowned King after Edward dies. Swore an oath of Duke William on sacred relics to support William’s to the throne, but broke this oath.

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17
Q

Battle of Stamford Bridge

A

Sept 25th, 1066. Earl Tostig Godwinson of Northumbria and King Harald Hardada of Norway are killed by King Harold Godwinson to protect his claim to the throne; left only Duke William as a claimant to the throne.

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18
Q

Battle of Hastings

A

Oct 14th, 1066. King Harold is killed by Duke William, who is crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066. Initiated the Norman annexation of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Anglo-Saxon elites faded from significance, and distinct Anglo-Norman culture arose in the 12th c by the use of Anglo-Norman French in literary/administrative contexts - French becomes the official language. The Bayeux Tapestry is created to validate King William’s ascension to the throne.

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19
Q

Bishop Odo of Bayeux

A

lived 1035 - 1097. Commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry to validate his brother’s (King William) ascension to the English throne and by association, validates his status as Earl of Kent in 1067 and eventually regent. Member of the highest echelon of the new Anglo-Saxon elite and owed his power to his half-brother’s status.

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20
Q

St. Columba

A

Irish saint responsible for the creation of a monastery on the Island of Iona in the “Scottic” kingdom of Dal Riada 563 CE.

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21
Q

Aelfwaru

A

Bequeathed lands and fisheries at Thetford to the monks of Ely in 1007 CE. Her benefaction, including land at Hingham, Weeting, Rattlesden and Munford included two gold crosses which suggests that precious objects, especially altar crosses, signified tenurial privilege through gifts of land.

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22
Q

Eadfrith

A

Abbot of Lindisfarne in 698, wrote the Lindisfarne Gospels

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23
Q

Ethelwald

A

Abbot of Lindisfarne in 721 CE, bound the Lindisfarne Gospels

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24
Q

Weapon-burial

A

5th c. - 8th c. Weapons are gifted to the deceased by ones kin-group, the more weapons one was buried with the more important the individual was. The start of gift-giving in Anglo-Saxon England.

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25
Q

Beowulf

A

975 - 1025. Records the distribution of gifts in the context of the gifstol. Provides literary evidence for gift-giving as it characterizes the king as ‘ring-giver’, ‘giver of treasure’ and ‘gold-friend of warriors’, ‘sustainer of the warriors’ and the ‘lord of nobles’ in which the king/elite would give gifts, protection and hospitality in his ‘gift-hall’ or ‘gold-giving hall’ in exchange for loyalty and service.

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26
Q

Hubert de Burgh Charter

A
  1. Lay-patronage of religious houses can be interpreted as a societal gift; caritas of the patron inspires emulation, generating a cycle of benefaction which reinforces the status of the church and its tenants and models appropriate Christian behavior amongst elites and the Christian familia.
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27
Q

Laws of Heriot

A

9th - 11th c. Relates to the return of war gear or its value; retainer gives service and loyalty in exchange for the heriot. At death, the arms (or their monetary value) were returned.

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28
Q

Sermo Lupi ad Anglos

A

Written by Wulfstan who died 1023 CE, suggests many houses that survived Viking raids were passed into steward/ownership of secular clergy, not bound by rule.

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29
Q

Wulfstan

A

Died 1023. Wrote many sermons and was very vocal, called the wolf. Most notably, he wrote “Sermo Lupi ad Anglos.”

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30
Q

Ely

A

Refounded in 970CE by Aethelwald as a stone-working centre. Its new wealth, including land, allowed for long-distance importation of stone from Barnack quarries. Site of centralized production of sculpture and contained evidence of many sculpted monuments made in fairly uniform style - suggests monuments were produced in monasteries.

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31
Q

Domesday Book

A

1086 CE. Describes the complex system of land-tenure and stated who owned what land. Stated that ecclesiastical elites were also significant landholders, monasteries, churches, and convents acted as manorial centres. In East Anglia about half the region was held by the church or monastic houses in the 11th c..

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32
Q

The Danelaw

A

Established in 886 by Guthrum and King Alfred of Wessex. Name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway. Sokemanni and Libre Homines were found in great concentrations here.

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33
Q

King Alfred of Wessex

A

Lived 849 - 899. Co-founded the Danelaw with Guthrum in 886 CE.

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34
Q

Guthrum

A

died 890 CE. Co-founded the Danelaw with King Alfred of Wessex and accepted Christianity following the Treaty of Wedmore; baptized as Aethelstan.

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35
Q

Treaty of Wedmore

A

Signed 878 CE by Guthrum, who accepted Christianity and was baptized as Aethelstan; agreed to retreat from Wessex’s borders.

36
Q

Feudalism

A

9th - 11th c. Evolution of gift-giving in a medieval society; societal structures were build on relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for labor and military service. Tenant - farmers provided consuetudines, including agricultural service, food products, and defense to manorial lords in exchange for access to land.

37
Q

Ixworth

A

Part of a trio of very wealthy counties in the 10th - 11th c. (Norfold, Lincolnshire, Suffolk) due to intensified agriculture. Had an ecclesiastical function in the Viking Age (crosses and stone sculture were found). Danish settlement in the 9th c. disrupted established patterns of religious authority, precipating the foundation of a manorial church by a wealthy landowner - Danish settlement caused Ixworth to grow in size and importance, proved by Ixworth Thrope.

38
Q

Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds

A

Held the soke of Ixworth in 1066 - 1086, about.

39
Q

Medieval Warm Period

A

950 CE. Temperatures rose about 1C and areas around the Mediterranean became arid and food production decreased. Areas that used to be wet and cold (Northern Europe) became areas of mass agricultural production. Allowed farms in Norther Europe to out-produce the Mediterranean and a shift in power occured.

40
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

1943 CE, Abraham Maslow. Conceptualizes why certain hierarchies existed in the Middle Ages and the importance of food.

41
Q

Agricultural Production in Europe

A

Revolutionized from 1050 - 1300 and caused new agricultural technologies and techniques to spread across Europe.

42
Q

Food-Rent

A

1029 CE, introduced by Abbot Leosfridge of Ely. Form of consuetudines paid by tenants on lands owned by the church/landlord in the form of labour and/or agricultural surplus, varied on societal status and how much a village produced.

43
Q

Prophet Muhammad

A

570 - 632 CE. From roughly 610 to 632, revelations from God (‘Allah’) were revealed to him by the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril). These releavations are Allah’s direct word, memorized and transcribed by his followers.

44
Q

Medina

A

Arabian city that Prophet Muhammad establishes political and religious authority in 622 CE.

45
Q

The Dome of the Rock

A

688 - 692 CE. Built on Herod’s Temple, displacing Judaism and Christianity as it was built after Byzantine Jerusalem was conqured - a spiritual and political statement. Proclaims authority of the new Umayyad Dynasty and commemorates the site of Abraham’s attempted sacrifice of his son (Isaac)

46
Q

Byzantine Emperor Alexius I

A

1081 - 1118. Requests assistance from Pope Urban II in response to the Muslim advance.

47
Q

Pope Urban II

A

1042 - 1099. Preaches crusade to at the Council of Clermont in 1095 CE. States that all crusaders will be admitted to heaven.

48
Q

Godfrey of Bouillion

A

1060 - 1100. Headed one of the four armies that travelled to the Holy Land during the First Crusade. Becomes the Protector of the Holy Sepulchre of the crusader state Jerusalem after it is conqured.

49
Q

The First Crusade

A

1096 - 1099. Very successful. Led to the importation of luxury goods and manuscripts to Western Europe. Crusader states are created to govern conqured territory and grew very wealthy due to the taxation wall they formed. Jerusalem is headed by Godfrey of Bouilion.

50
Q

William of Rubruck

A

1220 - 1293. Flemish Francian monk, commanded by King Louis to evangelize the Tartars (Mongols) for aid in the crusades.

51
Q

Giorgio Vasari

A

1511-1574, widely regarded as the 1st Art Historian.

52
Q

Preface to the Lives of the most eminent painters, sculptors and architects

A

1550-expanded in 1568, Vasari’s first work that emphasized the period that was the Middle Ages as the “dumpster” - the ruin before her rising to the “second birth,” aka the Renaissance.

53
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

1588-1679, he believed that the government must be strong to keep human emotions like brutality and violence under control.

54
Q

Leviathan

A

1660, one of Hobbes most influential works. “and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”

55
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

1712-1776, Enlightenment philosopher that founded the Romantism philosophical movement.

56
Q

Augustus Pugin

A

1812-1852, Architect, designer, critic and artist, regarded as the most influential architectural ‘theorist’ of the gothic revival. Believed that the medieval revival was not exclusively aesthetic and could bring positive change to society.

57
Q

Charles Delhiem

A

Argued Medievalism had no single significance or intent in the 19th c. Described Medievalism as a social language made of myths, legends, rituals, and symbols that were adopted by the Victorians as a way to both criticize and affirm their times.

58
Q

John Keats

A

1759-1821, Early proponent of Medievalism in literature, English poet. Wrote “La Belle Dame sans Merci”.

59
Q

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

A

1809-1892, Poet Laureate of English and Ireland, wrote “The Lady of Shalott” and “Le morte d’Arthur”.

60
Q

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

A

312, Constantine defeats Maxentius. Before the battle, he received a vision that he would achieve victory if the Chi-Rho symbol was displayed. Following these instructions, he is victorious.

61
Q

La Belle Dame sans Merci

A

1819, John Keats. Arthurianesque tale of a fae that seduces a knight to sleep - in his dreams, he sees her past victims - dead kings and knights.

62
Q

First Temple

A

mid 10th BCE, King Solomon builds the First Temple to Yaweh.

63
Q

Second Temple

A

Stood 530 BCE-70 CE. Built after the destruction of the First Temple after the Roman annexation of Jerusalem.

64
Q

King Herod the Great

A

37-4 BCE expanded the Second Temple.

65
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

661-750, established the capital as Damacus. Spread to Sindh, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and the Caucasus Region.

66
Q

Charles Martel

A

686-741, Blocked Muslim advance at Tours (732); after the more influential Cordoba Caliphate emerged in Al-Andalus.

67
Q

Nasrid Empire

A

Founded 1230 Granada. Exportation of manuscripts and luxury items from Muslim Spain continued to the defeat of the Emirate in 1492.

68
Q

Mausolem of Galla Placidia

A

425-450, Mosaic arches above the tombs remind viewers that genii of Galla Placidia and her family will depart from their bodies, fly to the heavens (milky way) and take their place among the stars.

69
Q

Santiago de Compostela

A

9th century. The pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela to view the relics of St. James was one of the most significant medieval pilgrimage routes.

70
Q

The Lady of Shalott

A

1833, Alfred Lord Tennyson. A woman falls in love with Sir Lancelot, but he is already in love with Queen Guinevere. She wills herself to death on a boat to Camelot, so Sir Lancelot will see her dead body.

71
Q

Le morte d’Arthur

A

1842, Alfred Lord Tennyson. Arthur is fatally wounded by his nephew Mordred and kills most of his knights. Sir Bedivere, who survives, aids Arthur to his ship to Avilion to heal his wounds.

72
Q

On Fairy-Stories

A

1939, J.R.R Tolkien. Uncoupling words, especially adjectives, leads to the mythical, fairy and fantasy. Modern high fantasy can be used as lenses that give us information of the middle ages ‘repackage’ knowledge in a sometimes more easily digestible form.

73
Q

The Canterbury Tales

A

Geoffery Chaucer, 14th century. The Pardoner and the Summoner represented the corrupt nature of the Church. Prosecuted by the Church as a case of heresy - a violation of orthodox. The Canterbury Tales exemplify the Church as an adjudicator of faith.

74
Q

Romanesque Architecture

A

ca. 10th-12th century, characterized by groin-vaults, semi-circular arches and appear basilican. Thick walls, interiors have small windows and low light.

75
Q

Abbot Suger

A

1081-1151. French abbot, historian, royal advisor and architectural theorist/patron. Responsible for the introduction of the Gothic architectural style.

76
Q

Remodeling of St. Denis

A

1137-1144, influenced by Suger’s notion of Divine Light. New building is lighter in appearance; painted glass windows, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults were added. Flying buttresses were installed to add clerestory windows. The remodeled St. Denis is the first Gothic building.

77
Q

Pseudo-Dionysus the Areopagite

A

What Suger believed to be the writings of his patron, St. Denis (for which his Abbey was named). Suger is influenced by the author’s references to light.

78
Q

curia Ebor

A

1300s central court where cases were heard.

79
Q

William Fitzherbert

A

Archbishop of York. After his death in 1154, he becomes a canonical saint - St. William - in 1227 because of various miracles including the miracle at Ouse Bridge.

80
Q

Aldus Manutius

A

1449-1515, Italian humanist, printer and publisher. Founded the Aldine press in Venice, 1494

81
Q

Aldine Press

A

1494 in Venice, movable-type printing technology founded by Aldus Manutius in Venice, created the italic font, semicolon and usage of the comma. Introduced octavo.

82
Q

Hijra

A

622 CE. Migration and subsequent establishment of Medina.

83
Q

Egbert, Bishop of York

A

Received an epistle from Bede in 734 CE who chastises lords living in spurious monasteries, pretending to be monks and abbots while indulging in gluttonous acts. States that it puts the Kingdom of Northumbria at risk.

84
Q

Song of Roland

A

1098 - 1100. Describes 8th c. battles between Carolingian knights and Muslim armies, contains statements that shape the idea of chivalric code - most famous chanson de geste. Identifies 17 knightly attributes of which 12 relate to chivalric acts rather than combat.

85
Q

Andreas Capellanus

A

12th c. Wrote a satirical work (De amore/ The Art of Courtly Love) that mocked traditional courtly relationships.

MEDI 100 (4 decks)

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