Session 10 - Obstruction, and Acute Kidney Injury

Question 1

What is a differential diagnosis for haematuria?

Answer 1

Cancer
Infection
Stones
BPH
etc

Question 2

What would cloudy urine indicate?

Answer 2

Infection (/fistula)

Question 3

What is dark urine an indication of?

Answer 3

Obstructive jaundice.

pale stools

Question 4

What problems can black urine be an indication of?

Answer 4

• Old blood
• Malaria
• Haemolysis
• Metronidazole
• Nitrofurantoin (antibiotic for UTI) etc

Question 5

Which initial investigations need to be done with suspected urological conditions?

Answer 5

• Full urological history (and full histories)
• Urological exam (abdo, genitalia, Perirectal exam - prostate, palpable bladder etc)
• Flexible cytoscopy (outpatient)
• Ultrasound Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
• CT KUB
• Urine microscopy, culture etc, cytology.

Question 6

What is hydronephrosis, why is it dangerous?

Answer 6

Build up of urine in the kidney (At the renal pelvis), due to an obstruction in the ureters.
Causes the affected kidney to atrophy if not treated.
(in unilateral, the unaffected kidney can compensate)