Semantics: Metaphor and Metonymy

Question 1

metaphors

Answer 1

relate two entities

one entity is to be characterised in terms of the other one, so they have something in common

also called tenor and vehicle

Question 2

tenor and vehicle

Answer 2

characterisation of tenor in terms of vehicles is underspecified

Julies is the sun

• Juliet is gaseous?

Question 3

metaphors and literal interpretation

Answer 3

metaphors are false in a literal interpretation

Question 4

direct or indirect?

Answer 4

indirect way of presentation of entities

Question 5

traditional theory of metaphor

Answer 5

comparision of two entities

• similar w.r.t some characteristics
• emerge in vehicle, attributed by tenor

Question 6

Which problems do arise with the traditional theory?

Answer 6

problem 1: properties need not to be real

e.g. pig and lion

problem 2: there may be no such properties

e.g. Sue is a block of ice –> Sue is cold –> mental disposition

Question 7

conceptual theory

Answer 7

a relation between whole conceptual domains

source domain is mapped onto a target domain

Question 8

relation of source domain and target domain

Answer 8

structure of SD used to structure TD

e.g. TRAVEL –> LIFE: reach one’s destination in life, to have reached a dead end

Question 9

what do metaphors determine?

Answer 9

world view

Question 10

SD

Answer 10

concrete experience

Question 11

TD

Answer 11

abstract and cannot be realized directly

Question 12

only….. makes sense of SD and TD

Answer 12

transferring

Question 13

experience of SD

Answer 13

mostly physical and mediated by sense organs

MORE is UP –> liquid in a container, quantity and water level

Question 14

several source domains….

Answer 14

… can introduce different foci

LOVE is TRAVEL
LOVE is FOOD
LOVE is FIRE

Question 15

purposes of metaphors

Answer 15

1. making complex topics easier to grasp

2. persuading one’s audience

Question 16

ambiguity of our view of the source domain….

Answer 16

reappears in the target domain

e.g. SEA

• –> natural, source of life
• –> dangerous

Question 17

metonymy

Answer 17

relation of two entities

with metonymy one can refer to an entity by pointig to antoher one that is linked to the first entity

• -> linked in realtiy
• –> do not need properties in common

Question 18

syncherdoche

Answer 18

pars per toto

a kind of metonymy in which an expression for a part is used to refer to the whole

Washington= The USA

Question 19

purpose of metonymy

Answer 19

brief and clear at the same time