Self and Personality

Question 1

Ma and Schoeneman (1997)

20 statement

Answer 1

20 statements test
Westernised cultures focus on personal traits e.g. “I am funny”
Eastern focus on social traits e.g. “I am a sister”

Question 2

Singelis (1994)

Answer 2

In general, independent will be intertwined with individualistic. Interdependent will be intertwined with collectivist.

Question 3

Varnum and Kitayama (2011)

Frontier

Answer 3

Frontier/exploration culture has led Western US to be more independent than Eastern US.
Evident in baby names where Western US will choose less popular baby names to be unique

Question 4

Zu et al (2007)

Self vs mother

Answer 4

Greater activation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) when thinking of self vs. mother in US than Chinese
Implies Chinese see mother and self as closer entities than US

Question 5

Boucher and Maslach (2010)

Speaking up

Answer 5

In group discussions Asian-Americans won’t speak up as much as Euro-Americans as in interdependent cultures it could be seen as showing off. Euro-Americans don’t experience this discomfort

Question 6

Mills and Clark (1982)

Communal

Answer 6

Collectivist cultures behave in a communal way

Question 7

Keenan et al (1999)

Face recall

Answer 7

Face recall better when thinking about selves

Question 8

Conway et al (1996)

Memory recall

Answer 8

Memory recall better when thinking about selves

Question 9

Klein et al (1989)

Pos evaluation

Answer 9

Tend to evaluate ourselves more positively

Question 10

Sui et al (2013)

Self vs friend

Answer 10

When viewing photos of self vs. friend the British had a shorter reaction time for self than Chinese