Scif Bases And Electrolytes Flashcards
What are Ross’s rules
Water almost always follows sodium
More sodium more nerves
Less sodium less nerves
More potassium more nerves
Less potassium Less nerves
Potassium affects all 3 types of nerves
Less calcium more nerves
What is hypernatremia?
Too much salt level above 145 mmol/L
What causes hypernatremia
Dehydration from fever or pneumonia due to an increased respiration rate
Decreased theist in the elderly
Increased urination due to our body trying to flush out glucose with hyperglycemia
Diarrhea
Hyperaldosteronism
Diabetes
Being given 3% saline or bicarbonate IV fluids
Kidney disease not filtering sodium correctly
What are the signs amd symptoms of hypernatremia?
Thirst
Fever
Dry mucous membranes
Restlessness
Convulsions
Coma
Twitches
Hyperreflexis
Bounding pulse
Hypertension
Weight gain
Pitting oedema
What is the treatment for hypernatremia?
Replace water deficit over 48 hours in addition to daily maintainence…use sodium chloride 0.9% glucose 5% iv
Replace ongoing losses mL for mL with sodium chloride 0.9%
What is alkalosis
A build up of alkali in the body (ph) caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate in the blood pressure loss of acid kn the blood (Metabolic alkalosis) or by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood that result from rapid pr deep breathing (respiratory alkalosis)
What is acidosis?
It is a build up of acid or when the bicarbonate bases is lost. Can be respiratory (too much ca4bondioxide) or metabolic acidosis hyperchlomeric acidosis, lactic acidosis, diabetic acidosis
What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis
Fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, SOB, headache, tiring easily. sleepiness
What are the symptoms of Metabolic acidosis? Kidney or body
Shallow rapid breathing
Jaundice
Fast heart rate
Headache
Fatigue
Confusion
Sleepiness
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
Injury to the chest
Obesity
Sedative misuse
Overdose of alcohol
Weakness is chest muscles
CoPD
Medications causing sedation
Brain injury
Lung such as asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, heart failure
Paralysis
Damage in the nervous system
Deformation of chest muscles
Astha
What are the causes of Metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Liver failure
Cancer
Low blood sugar
Lack of oxygen
Renal tubular acidosis
Diabetes
What is the treatment for acidosis
Treating osteoporosis
Kidney stones
How to prevent acidosis
Respiratory
Stop smoking
Watch weight
.never take sedatives with alcohol
Metabolic
Drink enough water
Watch alcohol intake as this causes lactic acid build up
Keep diabetes under control as this will avoid keteacidosis
What are the causes of respiratory alkalosis…. breathing….
Anxiety
Fever
Sepsis
Head injuries
Excessive medical ventilation
What are the causes of Metabolic alkalosis…..body or kidney
Severe vomiting… loss of hydrochloric acid
Loop (frusemide) and thiazide diuretics… they make the kidney get rid of acid
Hyperaldosteronism… causes.thr kidneys ti reabsorb Nat but loose both Ht and Kt
Overtreatment with bicarbonate as the hospital treats acidosis
