Science 10H Review

Question 1

Atomic theory

Answer 1

-atoms consist of a nucleus that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
-negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus in distinct energy levels
-most of the mass of the atom is contained in the nucleus energy levels (we assume the mass of electrons is negligible)
-atoms are electrically neutral (protons=electrons)

Question 2

Electrons

Answer 2

-particle with a negative charge
-usually is the same as the proton, atomic number
-if there is a net charge, the electron changes (decrease if plus, increase if minus)

Question 3

Neutrons

Answer 3

-particle with a neutral charge in the atoms nucleus
-found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

Question 4

Protons

Answer 4

-particle with a positive charge in the atoms nucleus
-is the same as the atomic number, NEVER CHANGES (would modify the element)

Question 5

Isotopes

Answer 5

-elements that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass resulting in a different number of neutrons
-atomic mass given on the periodic table is the average mass based on percent abundance of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element

Question 6

Ions

Answer 6

-atoms of different elements combine with each other to complete their outer energy levels (valence shell) such that their electron configurations match the nearest noble gas making the atoms most stable

Question 7

Anions

Answer 7

-non metals that have almost filled outer energy levels and as such gain electrons to become negatively charged

Question 8

Cations

Answer 8

-metals that have a few electrons in their outer energy level and as such lose electrons to become positively charged

Question 9

Atomic number

Answer 9

-atomic number of an element determines the number of protons the atom has in the nucleus
-the number of protons determine the physical and chemical properties of the element

Question 10

Non-metals

Answer 10

-brittle, dull, do not conduct electricity or heat

Question 11

Metals

Answer 11

-shinny, ductile, malleable, good conductors for heat and energy

Question 12

Metallic and non-metallic properties on the periodic table

Answer 12

-the staircase on the right side of the periodic table seperates the metallic from the non-metallic elements

Question 13

Metalloids

Answer 13

-elements B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
-have characteristics of both metals and non metals

Question 14

Period number

Answer 14

-horizontal rows on the periodic table
-period number describes the number of energy levels for a given atom
-maximum number of electrons can be found in a specific energy level can be obtained by counting the number of elements in that period

Question 15

Lanthanide Series

Answer 15

-elements 58-71, part of period 6

Question 15

Group number

Answer 15

-vertical columns numbered 1-18
-elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons in their outer shell

Question 16

Alkali metals

Answer 16

-group 1 elements with one missing valence electron (1+ charge)
-HIGHLY reactive

Question 16

Main group elements

Answer 16

-groups 1-2, and 13-18

Question 16

Actinide Series

Answer 16

-elements 90-103, part of period 7

Question 17

Halogens

Answer 17

-group 7 with seven missing electrons but only needs one to complete their outer shell (1- charge)
-HIGHLY reactive non metals

Question 17

Transition metals

Answer 17

-also known as d block elements
-group 3-12
-has a complicated chemistry and thus not included in the main group elements

Question 17

Alkaline earth metals

Answer 17

-group 2 with two missing electrons (2 + charge)

Question 18

Noble gases

Answer 18

-group 18 with eight missing electrons
-most stable elements on the periodic table