Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

Question 1

Freeman explored the potentials for ___ in diagnosing schizophrenia

Answer 1

virtual reality

Question 2

Comparing with traditional interviews, Freeman’s proposal for symptoms assessment reduces ___

Answer 2

demand characteristics

Question 3

Freeman’s method for symptoms assessment mainly focuses on ___, ___, and ___ by simulating a social situation.

Answer 3

distrust, paranoia, and withdrawal

Question 4

Freeman’s investigation was trialled on a ___ of around ___ (number) students.

Answer 4

non-clinical population, 200

Question 5

In Freeman’s investigation, persecutory ideation is first measured with ___ (questionnaire name).

Answer 5

16-item Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale (Part B)

Question 6

Gottesman and Shields (1972) carried out twin studies to investigate the link between schizophrenia and inheritance, two types of twins they investigated were:

Answer 6

Monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Question 7

In Gottesman and Shields’ study, sample was drawn from a hospital registry in ___ (location), eventually they identified __ pairs of MZ twins, __ pairs of DZ twins.

Answer 7

London; 24; 33

Question 8

Gottesman and Shields found that about ___ of MZ twins, ___ of DZ twins share schizophrenic traits.

Answer 8

50%; 9%

Question 9

Lindström et al. hypothesised that schizophrenia is linked to excess dopamine activity, this hypothesis is supported by observing schizophrenic-like symptoms in ___ patients that were prescribed excess ___.

Answer 9

Parkinson’s; L-dopa

Question 10

Wise et al. found abnormally low amounts of ___ (enzyme name) in the ___ (fluid) of schizophrenic patients.

Answer 10

monoamine oxidase; cerebral spinal fluid

Question 11

___ (scan name) found excess amount of ___ (protein, plural) in the brains of schizophrenic patients

Answer 11

Positron emission tomography; dopamine receptors

Question 12

Comparing with other explanations, Frith’s cognitive explanation is more ___ (debate).

Answer 12

holistic

Question 13

Frith describes schizophrenia as ‘___.’

Answer 13

abnormality of self-monitoring

Question 14

Frith proposed that auditory hallucinations are caused by ___ (adverb + verb-ing) ___ to external sources

Answer 14

falsely attributing inner speech

Question 15

Frith asked schizophrenic patients to identify the correct source of items that were read out loud: ___, ___, or ___.

Answer 15

themselves, experimenter, computer

Question 16

Schizophrenic symptoms can be divided into two types:

Answer 16

positive and negative

Question 17

Frith suggested that negative symptoms such as flattened affect may be caused by impaired ___, causing difficulties in generating ___ or recognising the ___ of others.

Answer 17

theory of mind; spontaneous actions; intention

Question 18

___ (drug name) is an example of antipsychotics that work by blocking the ___ and ___ receptors in the brain.

Answer 18

chloropromazine; dopamine; serotonin

Question 19

About __ (percentage) of patients experience partial to significant degrees of symptoms relief after taking antipsychotics.

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

Typical antipsychotics include side effects such as:

Answer 20

weight gain; drowsiness; extrapyramidal symptoms; tardive dyskinesia

Question 21

Atypical antipsychotics are as effective as typical antipsychotics, but they result in greater risks of ___

Answer 21

weight gain

Question 22

Token economy by Paul and Lentz is an example of ___

Answer 22

operant conditioning

Question 23

In the study by Paul and Lentz, the token economy group was compared with two other groups undergoing ___ and ___ therapies respectively.

Answer 23

traditional; milieu

Question 24

___ of patients that underwent token economy were able to live independently from ___ to ___ years, comparing with ___ for m***** therapy and ___ for hospital treatment.

Answer 24

97%; 1.5; 5; 71%; 45%

Question 25

Sensky et al. compared the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with ___ .

Answer 25

befriending

Question 26

In Sensky’s study, ‘significant’ improvement is operationalised by ___ or greater reduction in ___ and ___ scores

Answer 26

50%; comprehensive psychiatric rating scale; scale for the assessment of negative symptoms

Question 27

Patients in Sensky;s study underwent symptoms assessments once at the beginning of the study, and once at a ___.

Answer 27

nine-month follow-up

Question 28

In cognitive behavioural therapy, patients were helped with generating ___ with the help of ___

Answer 28

coping strategies; voice diaries