Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders Flashcards
Freeman explored the potentials for ___ in diagnosing schizophrenia
virtual reality
Comparing with traditional interviews, Freeman’s proposal for symptoms assessment reduces ___
demand characteristics
Freeman’s method for symptoms assessment mainly focuses on ___, ___, and ___ by simulating a social situation.
distrust, paranoia, and withdrawal
Freeman’s investigation was trialled on a ___ of around ___ (number) students.
non-clinical population, 200
In Freeman’s investigation, persecutory ideation is first measured with ___ (questionnaire name).
16-item Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale (Part B)
Gottesman and Shields (1972) carried out twin studies to investigate the link between schizophrenia and inheritance, two types of twins they investigated were:
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
In Gottesman and Shields’ study, sample was drawn from a hospital registry in ___ (location), eventually they identified __ pairs of MZ twins, __ pairs of DZ twins.
London; 24; 33
Gottesman and Shields found that about ___ of MZ twins, ___ of DZ twins share schizophrenic traits.
50%; 9%
Lindström et al. hypothesised that schizophrenia is linked to excess dopamine activity, this hypothesis is supported by observing schizophrenic-like symptoms in ___ patients that were prescribed excess ___.
Parkinson’s; L-dopa
Wise et al. found abnormally low amounts of ___ (enzyme name) in the ___ (fluid) of schizophrenic patients.
monoamine oxidase; cerebral spinal fluid
___ (scan name) found excess amount of ___ (protein, plural) in the brains of schizophrenic patients
Positron emission tomography; dopamine receptors
Comparing with other explanations, Frith’s cognitive explanation is more ___ (debate).
holistic
Frith describes schizophrenia as ‘___.’
abnormality of self-monitoring
Frith proposed that auditory hallucinations are caused by ___ (adverb + verb-ing) ___ to external sources
falsely attributing inner speech
Frith asked schizophrenic patients to identify the correct source of items that were read out loud: ___, ___, or ___.
themselves, experimenter, computer
Schizophrenic symptoms can be divided into two types:
positive and negative
Frith suggested that negative symptoms such as flattened affect may be caused by impaired ___, causing difficulties in generating ___ or recognising the ___ of others.
theory of mind; spontaneous actions; intention
___ (drug name) is an example of antipsychotics that work by blocking the ___ and ___ receptors in the brain.
chloropromazine; dopamine; serotonin
About __ (percentage) of patients experience partial to significant degrees of symptoms relief after taking antipsychotics.
80%
Typical antipsychotics include side effects such as:
weight gain; drowsiness; extrapyramidal symptoms; tardive dyskinesia
Atypical antipsychotics are as effective as typical antipsychotics, but they result in greater risks of ___
weight gain
Token economy by Paul and Lentz is an example of ___
operant conditioning
In the study by Paul and Lentz, the token economy group was compared with two other groups undergoing ___ and ___ therapies respectively.
traditional; milieu
___ of patients that underwent token economy were able to live independently from ___ to ___ years, comparing with ___ for m***** therapy and ___ for hospital treatment.
97%; 1.5; 5; 71%; 45%
Sensky et al. compared the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with ___ .
befriending
In Sensky’s study, ‘significant’ improvement is operationalised by ___ or greater reduction in ___ and ___ scores
50%; comprehensive psychiatric rating scale; scale for the assessment of negative symptoms
Patients in Sensky;s study underwent symptoms assessments once at the beginning of the study, and once at a ___.
nine-month follow-up
In cognitive behavioural therapy, patients were helped with generating ___ with the help of ___
coping strategies; voice diaries
