sac 3 - dont need to know

Question 1

anxiety/depression or other mental illnesses Impact on different dimensions of health and wellbeing

Answer 1

P- lack of appetite and energy therefore less participation in physical activity and exercise.
-increased heart rate and shortness of breath
-nausea
-difficulty falling or staying asleep
-self-harm
-low energy/exhaustion
-overeating or lack of appetite

M- negative thought processes/patterns
-feeling stressed/anxious
-low levels of confidence
-low self-esteem

E- inability to control emotions, mood swings
-feeling worthless

S- detachment from social groups
-not wanting contact with others

S- lack of sense of purpose
-reduced motivation to achieve meaning in life

Question 2

Data on incidence, prevalence and trends

Answer 2

Incidence-
-Research into mental health diagnoses in Victorian Emergency Departments found the number of young people presenting to hospital had increased for both physical and mental disorders, but that mental disorders have increased at a higher rate (46 per cent) compared to physical disorders (13 per cent).

Prevalence-
-The rates of mental disorders are high among youth and contribute significantly to the overall burden of disease in this age group.
-Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem experienced by young Australians.
-7.7 per cent of 11- to 17-year-olds met the criteria for a major depressive disorder (depression).

Trends-
-The 2017 Young Minds Matter report suggests that the overall rates of mental conditions have remained constant, but there has been an increase in the proportion of youth experiencing a major depressive disorder.

Question 3

Risk factors for youth h&w

Answer 3

-discrimination
-risk taking, violence
-stress, trauma or challenging life events
-tobacco, alcohol or drug use
-attitudes and beliefs
-poor physical h&w
-family, neighborhood, housing
-geographical location and remoteness
-media
-social exclusion
-socioeconomic status

Question 4

protective factors for youth mental h&w

Answer 4

-easy temperament
-health literacy
-access to support services
-education
-stable home environment
-good physical h&w
-social inclusion, social connections, supportive networks
-good social and emotional skills

Question 5

Community values and expectations

Answer 5

Mental disorders in young Australians are of concern. Based on community expectations, Australia’s health system provides opportunities for youth to seek care relating to their mental health and wellbeing.
In addition, both anxiety and depression have been the subject of numerous government and non-government strategies that aim to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors to improve the health and wellbeing of those experiencing these conditions

Question 6

VALUES AND EXPECTATIONS OF YOUTH HEALTH PROGRAMS

Answer 6

Effective-
Programs should provide effective treatment, services and resources, also reduce risk factors whilst increasing skills.

Strength based-
Programs should put youth at the centre and enable resilience and help-seeking behaviours resulting in increased self esteem and self acceptance.

Accessible-
Programs don’t discriminate based on nationality, culture, gender, SES etc. Waiting times are appropriate

Safe, respectful, confidential-
Programs should be non-judgemental and discreet.
Healthcare providers should consult with young people regularly about the standard
of service.

Question 7

Healthcare services and support

Answer 7

mental healthcare services are provided in several ways, including general practitioners, specialists, such as psychologists and psychiatrists, and hospital care. Many of these services are either fully or partially funded through Medicare

Question 8

Healthcare services and support
p2

Answer 8

General practitioners and specialist services:
-Mental health specialists include psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health nurses, occupational therapists, social workers and Indigenous health workers.

Hospital care:
-Hospital emergency departments also play a significant role in treating mental disorders and, in addition to GP consultations, can be the initial point of contact with the health system for youth.

Question 9

Government and community programs and personal strategies to reduce negative impact

headspace

Answer 9

-headspace is the National Youth Mental Health Foundation funded by the Australian government.
-It provides early intervention mental health services to 12- to 25-year-olds in four areas: mental health and wellbeing, physical health and wellbeing, work and study support, and alcohol and other drug services.
-headspace offers information and services for young people, and their families and friends, as well as health professionals.
-Headspace centres and an online counselling service.

Question 10

Government and community programs and personal strategies to reduce negative impact

youthbeyondblue

Answer 10

-Youthbeyondblue is the youth arm of beyondblue and focuses on young people aged 12 to 25 years.
-Youthbeyondblue aims to raise awareness of depression and anxiety by reassuring young people that it’s okay to talk about depression and anxiety, and to get help when it’s needed.
-Youthbeyondblue.com provides a website with information for young people about depression and anxiety, and where to get help.
-Youthbeyondblue also provides young people with an opportunity to share their experiences of depression and anxiety, and their ideas and thoughts.

Question 11

Government and community programs and personal strategies to reduce negative impact

e-mental health

Answer 11

-e-Mental Health (eMH) is the delivery of services targeting common mental health problems through online and mobile phone interactive websites, apps, sensor-based monitoring devices and computers for people with mild to moderate depression or anxiety.
-e-Mental Health can provide services where face-to face therapy is not available or accessible and can be used with face-to-face therapy by providing an extra level of support.

Question 12

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

DIRECT COSTS P1

Answer 12

Direct costs are those associated with preventing the disease or condition and providing health services to people suffering from it.
-These costs include all those associated with developing and implementing health promotion strategies as well as the diagnosis, management and treatment of the condition.
-It is relatively easy to put a dollar value on direct costs.

Question 13

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

DIRECT COSTS P2

Answer 13

DIRECT COSTS TO THE INDIVIDUAL:
-fees associated with cognitive behavioural therapy to understand the link between, thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
-fees associated with the treatment of anxiety disorders or depression including medication such as antidepressants and therapy.

DIRECT COSTS TO THE COMMUNITY:
-Costs associated with implementing health promotion strategies such as youthbeyondblue.
-costs associated with scheduled fees for a GP visit to discuss low mood, diagnose and treat the condition (paid by Medicare and/or private health insurance)

Question 14

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

INDIRECT COSTS P1

Answer 14

-Indirect costs are not directly related to the diagnosis or treatment of the disease, but occur as a result of the person having the disease.
-An example of an indirect cost to the community is lost productivity.
-Businesses may lose employees, which decreases the volume of products or services they are able to produce.
-They may also be paying sick leave while employees are ill.
-There are also losses in government taxation revenue when people are not working, as well as welfare payment costs if disability payments are required.

Question 15

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

INDIRECT COSTS P2

Answer 15

INDIRECT COSTS TO THE INDIVIDUAL:
-when a young person is unwell due to depression, they may need to have regular consultations requiring ongoing transport costs.

INDIRECT COSTS TO THE COMMUNITY:
-greater funding for family members who require welfare payments to care for a young person with depression.

Question 16

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

INTANGIBLE COSTS P1

Answer 16

-Costs can also be intangible, which means it is very difficult to put a monetary value on them.
-Intangible costs to the individual could include pain and suffering, stress about the impact and outcome of their condition, loss of self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness if the person is unable to complete activities they could in the past.

Question 17

Direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals and/or communities

INTANGIBLE COSTS P2

Answer 17

INTANGIBLE COSTS TO THE INDIVIDUAL:
-depression may reduce participation is social activities, such as playing in the school football team or participating in social events with family and friends.

INTANGIBLE COSTS TO THE COMMUNITY:
-family and friends experience grief in the case of the death of a young person due to suicide.

Question 18

Opportunities for youth advocacy and action to improve outcomes in terms of health and equity

advocacy

Answer 18

-Advocacy for mental health disorders seeks to reduce discrimination and stigma associated with the anxiety and depression.
-It is important for young people to be able to advocate for their healthcare rights and to take health action.

Advocacy can:
-encourage participation
-address inequalities
-improve services
-change attitudes and values.

Two main goals underpin health advocacy:
-protecting people who are vulnerable or discriminated against
-empowering people who need a stronger voice by enabling them to express their needs and make their own decisions.

Question 19

Opportunities for youth advocacy and action to improve outcomes in terms of health and equity

policy advocacy

Answer 19

-Policy advocacy aims to gain political commitment by directly influencing government policy, legislation or regulations.
-Organised groups such as Youthbeyondblue and VicHealth focus their efforts on influencing legislators through lobbying members of parliament, making submissions to government inquiries, conducting research and coordinating action.

Question 20

Opportunities for youth advocacy and action to improve outcomes in terms of health and equity

public advocacy

Answer 20

-Public advocacy aims to gain social acceptance by influencing behaviour, opinion and practices of the public, to mobilise groups and institutions that are involved in affecting change.
-SANE is an organisation that conducts public campaigns designed to influence the media to report mental disorders in a responsible and positive manner.

Question 21

Opportunities for youth advocacy and action to improve outcomes in terms of health and equity

community advocacy

Answer 21

-Community advocacy aims to gain support of social systems and effect change by working with affected communities to influence behaviour and practices.
-An example of community advocacy is the City of Monash, which is trying to encourage development of resources and education for mental health and wellbeing for individuals living in the local area.