Retroviruses

Question 0

Retroviruses contains which two viruses?

Answer 0

Oncoviruses and Lentiviruses

Question 1

What are the characteristics of Retroviruses?

Answer 1

Enveloped, +ssRNA genome
Reverse transriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA
DNA integrates into host cell DNA

Question 2

What are the two forms of Oncoviruses?

Answer 2

HTLV-1 and HLTV-II

Question 3

What does HTLV stand for?

Answer 3

Human T-Lymphotropic virus

Question 4

How is HTLV-I transmitted?

Answer 4

By sexual contact, contaminated blood, mother to child

Question 5

What happens to someone infected with HTLV-I?

Answer 5

About 1 in 25 infected persons develop cancer as a result of infection

Question 6

What are the 2 Lentiviruses?

Answer 6

1- SIV(Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)

2- HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus)

Question 7

How many forms of SIV are there?

Answer 7

18 SIVs causing infection in 20 species

Question 8

What did SIV give rise to?

Answer 8

HIV-1 and HIV-2

Question 9

What are the 2 forms of SIV we need to know?

Answer 9

SIV cpz and SIV sm

Question 10

Who has SIV cpz and is most closely related to what?

Answer 10

Chimpanzee strain of SIV and most closely related to HIV-1

Question 11

How did HIV-1 arise?

Answer 11

Arose are SIV cpz was transmitted from chimps to humans

Question 12

What is SIV sm from and what is it related to?

Answer 12

SIV from Sooty Mangabey and most closely related to HIV-2

Question 13

How many types of HIV are there?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What are the general ways that HIV-1 and HIV-2 are distinguished?

Answer 14

genetically and antigenically

Question 15

Which form of HIV is the cause of the current pandemic and which one is found in west Africa but rarely elsewhere?

Answer 15

HIV-1 is the cause of the current pandemic and HIV-2 is in West Africa

Question 16

What are the 3 groups of HIV-1?

Answer 16

M, N, and O

Question 17

How many subgroups are there is HIV-1 M?

Answer 17

11 subgroups in M group - A to K

Question 18

The Major subtype in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe, Japan and Australia is?

Answer 18

Type B

Question 19

HIV-1 M subtype B is transmitted most effectively how?

Answer 19

By homosexual intercourse and via blood

Question 20

How is HIV-1 types C and E transmitted?

Answer 20

found in Africa and transmitted via a heterosexual route

Question 21

Where do HIV-1 types C and E replicate better?

Answer 21

Cervix, vagina and penis

Question 22

Where does HIV-1 type B replicate better?

Answer 22

in the rectal mucosa

Question 23

When was HIV-2 discovered?

Answer 23

1986

Question 24

What are the similarities and differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2?

Answer 24

HIV-2 is transmitted in the same way as HIV-1, causes AIDS much more slowly than HIV-1 but otherwise clinically the diseases are very similar

Question 25

What was the origin of HIV/AIDS?

Answer 25

Evidence suggests that HIV-1 originated in West Africa as SIV cpz was transmitted from chimps to humans in food preparation

Question 26

What type of monkey is HIV-1 from?

Answer 26

Pan troglodytes troglodytes

Question 27

When was the earliest documented case of HIV?

Answer 27

It was identified in the republic of Congo in a sample of serum that was stored in 1959

Question 28

What are the 3 alternative ideas for the beginning of aids?

Answer 28

1-Drs Peter Dueserg and Kary Mullis 2-Koch's postulates 3-The River by Edward Hooper

Question 29

What was the theory proposed by Drs Peter Duesberg and Kary Mullis?

Answer 29

That HIV is an unjustly maligned by-stander that is found in many immunocompromised states but is not the cause of disease

Question 30

What are Koch's postulates? 4

Answer 30

1) Virtually all AIDS patients are HIV-infected 2) HIV can be isolated from virtually all AIDS patients, as well as in almost all seropositive individuals with both early and late stage disease 3) Health care and laboratory workers accidentally infected with concentrates purified HIV have developed AIDS 4) HIV had been isolated from many of these individuals

Question 31

What is the River by Edward Hooper?

Answer 31

HIV made the jump from simians to humans via the administration of oral polio vaccine in Africa in the 1950's