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Dentistry > Respiration-physiology > Flashcards

Respiration-physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Serrati Muscle

A

Serrated appearance.
Originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula
An accessory muscle in the inspiration process

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2
Q

Abdominal Rectus Muscle

A

Abs
Run vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen.
Helps in expiration

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3
Q

Interchondral area

A

The area between the costal cartilages (that connect ribs to the sternum.)

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4
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

The quadratus lumborum (QL) is your deepest abdominal muscle. It’s found in your lower back, between the top of your pelvis and your lowest rib. The QL supports good posture and helps stabilize your spine when you bend to the side or extend your lower back.

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5
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

It is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressures

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6
Q

Transmural Pressure

A

AKA Transpulmonary pressure.

The difference between the alveolar and pleural pressures

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7
Q

Lung Compliance

A

Change in Lung Volume for each Unit Change in Transpulmonary Pressure
Normal value: 200 mL/cm of H2O change in transpulmonary pressure

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8
Q

pneumocytes

A

Type II alveolar epithelial cells that secrete surfactant.

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9
Q

phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

A

The main constituent of pulmonary surfactant

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10
Q

Law of LaPlace on alveolar stability

A

Inward collapsing pressure of alveoli is= 2T/r
(Directly proportional to surface tension and
inversely proportional to the radius of the alveoli)

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11
Q

Tidal volume

A

500 ml , air inhaled and exhaled when breathing passively

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12
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

3000 ml, extra air inhaled when inspiring forcefully

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13
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

1100 ml, extra air removed when exhaled forcefully

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14
Q

Residual Volume

A

1200 ml, volume of air always present in lungs

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15
Q

Vital Capacity

A

4600 ml (3500 plus 1100), It is the volume of air taken in when inhaled forcefully plus the volume of air squeezed out when exhaled forcefully. Shows compliance and elastic recoil of lungs (if lungs are normal they would expand normally and recoil and be compressed normally.)

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16
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

2300 ml (1100+1200), Air present in the lungs when breathing normally (passively).

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17
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

3500 ml, (3000 ml Inspiratory reserve volume + 500 ml tidal volume)

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18
Q

Total lung capacity

A

5800 ml= (2300 ml functional residual capacity + 3500 inspiratory capacity)

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19
Q

Atelectasis

A

(Pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, loss of distensible tissue). Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung

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20
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

(Pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, loss of distensible tissue). Surgical removal of a lung or part of a lung.

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21
Q

Interstitial lung disease

A

(Pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, reduced compliance). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. The scarring causes stiffness in the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream

22
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

(Pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, reduced compliance). Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common breathing disorder that affects premature newborns, due to less surfactant being produced.

23
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

(Extra-pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, nerve dysfunction). Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks part of its peripheral nervous system

24
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

(Extra-pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, muscle dysfunction). Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of muscle diseases that results in increasing the weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time.

25
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

(Extra-pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity- nerve and muscle dysfunction). Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.

26
Q

Ascites

A

(Extra-pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, Reduced diaphragmatic descent). Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

27
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

(Extra-pulmonary factors that reduce vital capacity, thoracic cavity deformation, limited thoracic expansion). Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis.

28
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

The minute respiratory volume= Volume of air entering or leaving lungs each minute.

V = Respiration rate x Tidal volume
=12 x 500ml = 6 L / min

29
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of fresh air entering into respiratory zone each minute:

V A = Respiratory rate x ( V T – V D )
V T = tidal volume = 500ml
V D = dead space volume = 150 ml
V A = 12 x ( 500 – 150 )
= 4.2 L min

30
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

The volume of air in conduction airways. 150 ml

31
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

The volume of air in non-functional or closed alveoli and air in excess in alveoli (wasted ventilation)

32
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A

Volume of air not equilibrating with blood

= Anatomic + Alveolar dead space

33
Q

beta-2 adrenergic receptor

A

receptors stimulated by norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood and sympathetic stimulation. To cause dilation of the bronchial tree.

34
Q

Atropine

A

Acetylcholine blocker. Acetylcholine stimulates the constriction of smooth muscles in the air tracts.

35
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Supplies blood to the connective tissues, septa, large and small bronchioles of the lungs. it empties into pulmonary vein (left ventricular output is 1 to 2 percent more than right ventricular output).

36
Q 
For pulmonary circulation:
Systolic and diastolic pressure? 
Capillary pressure?
Pulmonary vein and left atrial pressure?
Mean Arterial pressure?
A

Pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressure: 25mm Hg and 8 mm Hg
Pulmonary capillary pressure: 7 mm Hg
Pulmonary vein and left atrial pressure: 2 mm Hg
Mean arterial pressure: 15 mm Hg

37
Q

Systemic circulations systolic, diastolic, capillary, and mean arterial pressures?

A

systolic: 120mmHg
diastolic: 80mmHg
Mean arterial pressure: 93mmHg
Capillary pressure: 17mmHg

38
Q

Blood volume in the Lungs?

A

450ml (9% of total blood volume),

total blood volume being 5l

39
Q

stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body. For example mitral stenosis.

40
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Mitral valve stenosis — or mitral stenosis — is a narrowing of the heart’s mitral valve. This abnormal valve doesn’t open properly, blocking blood flow into the main pumping chamber of your heart (left ventricle).

41
Q

silicosis

A

Restrictive Lung Disease, Fibrosis of parenchyma

lung fibrosis caused by the inhalation of dust containing silica

42
Q

asbestosis

A

Restrictive lung disease, Fibrosis of parenchyma
a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos particles, marked by severe fibrosis and a high risk of mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura).

43
Q

tuberculosis

A

Restrictive lung disease, Fibrosis of parenchyma
TB is caused by the bacterium M tuberculosis. The infection destroys patients’ lung tissue, causing them to cough up the bacteria, which then spread through the air and can be inhaled by others.

44
Q

Pneumonia

A

Restrictive lung disease, Fibrosis of parenchyma
Any inflammatory condition of the lung in which alveoli are filled with fluid and blood cells
Common: pneumococci bacterial pneumonia
“Consolidation in pneumonia”

45
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. Pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.

46
Q

pleural effusion

A

It is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The intrapleural fluid then puts pressure on the lungs, resisting inspiration.

47
Q

dyspnoea

A

difficult or laboured breathing.

48
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

49
Q

Apnea

A

Apnea is the cessation of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged.

50
Q

Apneusis

A

Apneustic respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release. (May be controlled by the apneusistic).

51
Q

Diffusing Capacity

A

Defined as the volume of gas that diffuses through the respiratory membrane each minute for a pressure gradient of 1 mm Hg

52
Q

Diffusing capacity values of O2 and CO2

A 
O2= 21 ml/mmHg.min
CO2= 440ml/mmHg.min

Dentistry (4 decks)

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