Respiration and gas exchange

Question 1

what are the two type of respiration?

Answer 1

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 2

what is aerobic respiration?

Answer 2

it is the most efficient way to release energy from glucose using oxygen

Question 3

what is the word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 3

Glucose + Oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

C6H12O6+ 6O2 ➡️ 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)

Question 4

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 4

it’s not the best way to convert glucose into energy (without oxygen) - less energy is produced, glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is produced.

Question 5

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 5

Glucose ➡️ Carbon dioxide + Ethanol + Lactic acid (+energy)

Question 6

what do all living organisms carry out?

Answer 6

they carry out cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy- (energy is measured in ATP)

Question 7

what does ATP stand for?

Answer 7

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 8

why do we need to respire?

Answer 8

we need the energy release from respiration to grow and repair our cells allowing our muscles to work and build large molecules from smaller molecules.

Question 9

which processes require ATP?

Answer 9

muscle contraction and growing

Question 10

which part of the cell produces ATP?

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

which organs or tissues contain a lot of mitochondria?

Answer 11

muscle tissue, heart, kidney cells and liver cells

Question 12

what is the most important organelle in the cell?

Answer 12

the nucleus- it controls the activity of the cell and contains DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 13

the test for CO2

Answer 13

bubble the gas through limewater- if it turns cloudy/milky co2 is present

OR

bubble it through hydrogen carbonate solution- if it changes from red to yellow, co2 is present

Question 14

what happenes to a germinating pea in a bulb?

Answer 14

they carry out respiration and as a result of this they become warm and so the temperature increases- this proves that respiration causes increasing temperature

Question 15

what happens to dead peas in a bulb?

Answer 15

they are. it active so don’t carry out reparation- organisms heat up as a result of respiration and so the thromometers temp will not change(this is the control of the experiment, heat is. it produced to show the organisms are dead.

Question 16

what is germination in plants?

Answer 16

the process in plants by which a seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under growing conditions.

Question 17

what is germination in bacteria and fungi?

Answer 17

the process in which a spore begins to grow vegetative cells, and sporeling hyphae.

Question 18

how is germination linked to respiration?

Answer 18

if something is germinating they are still alive and carry out respiration.

Question 19

in the respiration experiment with maggots, what is the equation to work out the speed rate of respiration

Answer 19

distance moved by bubble/time

Question 20

similarities of anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Answer 20

the both release energy as ATP
they both break down glucose into energy
they both use energy as heat

Question 21

differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration with

Answer 21

aerobic uses CO2, no alcohol or lactic acid is produced, large amounts of energy is produced, CO2 is always made

Question 22

the structure of a yeast cell

Answer 22

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cells wall

Question 23

how do yeast cells reproduce?

Answer 23

asexually (one parent)

Question 24

what does the growth rate of yeast cells depend on?

Answer 24

availability of food, temp, Ph, removal of waste products

Question 25

beer production

Answer 25

barley, hops, water, yeast
Barley is malted for the natural conversion process so it can germinate by soaking them in water (2days) then drained and held at 15.5C for 5days. however u need to stop the germination of the barley so that the sugar producing the enzymes are present but starch is unconverted- eventually these will the sugars. After this process the green malt is dried and gradually raising the temp and any small roots that were formed are removed so that the maltes barley is ready to begin the brewing process. hops give the beer it’s bitterness (flavour) so u add hops- after adding hops a liquid (wort) is produced which is full of sugar from barley , boiled and cooled and filtered in a fermenting vessel where yeast is added. Fermentation takes place and is stored at room temp 2wks. The yeast feeds on the sugar from the liquid (wort) and gives out CO2, alcohol as a waste product is produced and this is beer.

Question 26

what is respiration?

Answer 26

the process of releasing energy from glucose- the energy is release as chemical energy and heat.

Question 27

where is air first taken to when it enters your body?

Answer 27

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles- the gas exchange is taken place on the surface of the alveoli

Question 28

look at diagram of the lung

Answer 28

now

Question 29

what does corms stand for? for respiration test

Answer 29

C- the rate of intensity of exercise
O- A teenager or other living organisms capable of exercise
R- Carry out the experiment 3 times
M- Measuring the breaths per minute before and after exercise
S- Same organism, same time and exercise

Question 30

what are the names of the substance that separates the lung from the rib cage?

Answer 30

the pleural membranes

Question 31

what is pleurisy?

Answer 31

a disease with inflammation of membranes

Question 32

parts of the lungs are…

Answer 32

bronchioles, bronchus,external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, alveoli ring of cartilage, trachea, voice box (larynx) and cut end of rib

Question 33

why is oxygenated blood red?

Answer 33

It needs to combine with the pigment haemaglobin

Question 34

why does the structure of alveoli need to be big?

Answer 34

to allow gas exchange to occur quickly in the process of diffusion

Question 35

what does haemaglobin contain a lot of?

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

what is oxygen used for in your body?

Answer 36

it is absorbed across the respiratory surface and used by cells in respiration.

Question 37

what is CO2 used for in your body?

Answer 37

it is made by your cells as a waste product or respiration, released across the respiratory surface

Question 38

why do we use nitrogen ?

Answer 38

we don’t, we use n2 as nitrate ions for digestion but we don’t need it as a gas

Question 39

what do we use water for in respiratory system?

Answer 39

cells must be kept moist or they’ll die, also respiratory surface must be kept moist and it evaporates and lost as air as you exhale,

Question 40

how does carbon monoxide reduce oxygen supply?

Answer 40

oxygen combines with haemaglobin to form oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells, CO reduces oxyhemoglobin production. it reduces aerobic respiration (bad for sport), reduces oxygen transport across the placenta also CO is poisonous

Question 41

what are the problems with nicotine?

Answer 41

it is a chemical that causes addiction- it is a stimulant which makes the heart beat faster and It makes your blood vessels narrow, both of these raise your blood pressure and your increased heart rate has a higher demand for oxygen, so the heart muscle may get damaged

Question 42

what is emphysema ?

Answer 42

results when the walls of the air sacs are destroyed, when the smoke affects which blood cells and destroy the lining tissue.

Question 43

how does smoking damage your heart?5/6 marks

Answer 43

Nicotine increase blood pressure(heart rate) as it is a stimulant- which makes your heart work fast and stimulates the release of the hormone adrenaline (this increase your heart rate).
platelets become stickier and can clot in coronary arteries, damages lining of arteries, less O2 and glucose goto heart cells as the are stuck behind blockages, less energy available (cells die➡️heart attack) switching to anaerobic respiration, carbon monoxide =less respiration