Resp Copd

Question 1

Define copd in terms of fev and fvc

Answer 1

Persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation with fev1/ fvc ratio <.70

Question 2

Define chronic bronchitis

Answer 2

Productive cough for at least 3 months each year for 2 years

Question 3

Describe both endogenous and exogenous risk factors for copd

Answer 3

Exo:
Smoking both active and passive

Endo:
Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Recurrent pulmonary infections and tb causing lung growth abnormalities

Question 4

Which type of emphysema is associated with alpha anti trypsin def

Answer 4

Panacinar
Affects entire acinus
Affects lower lobes

Question 5

What is the most common type of emphysema

Answer 5

Centrilobular
Seen mostly in smokers
Usually affects upper lobes
Characterized by destruction of respiratory bronchiole and soares distal alveoli

Question 6

Clinical features of copd

Answer 6

Chronic cough 
Dyspnea and tachypnea 
Pursed lip breathing especially in emphysema 
Wheeze
Crackles 
Muffled breath sounds 
Rhonchi 
Cyanosis 
Tachycardia 

Advanced copd:
Barrel chest
Congested neck veins
Hyperresonant lungs 
Hepatomegaly 
Right ventricular hypertrophy with signs of right heart failure and cor pulmonale 
Weight loss and cachexia 

Clubbing not specific to copd moreso suggests comorbiditeis like bronchiecstasis, pulm fibrosis and lung cancer