research methods exam 2

Question 1

target

Answer 1

group defines by the researcher’s intrest

Question 2

accessible

Answer 2

realistically participants involved in a study

Question 3

sample

Answer 3

actual sample itself

Question 4

representative sample

Answer 4

sample with the same characteristics as the population

Question 5

bias sample

Answer 5

noticeably different than those in the population

Question 6

goal or research in regard to picking a sample

Answer 6

important to chose a sample that represents almost all types of people in order to get a non bias result

Question 7

individuals enough for a study’s sample

Answer 7

25 minimum to 30 participants

Question 8

characterists of probability sampling

Answer 8

exact size of the population must be known selecting process must be unbias

Question 9

equality

Answer 9

everyone has an equal chance of selection

Question 10

independence

Answer 10

choice of one individual does not influence or bias the probability of choosing another individual

Question 11

simple random sampling

Answer 11

a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability

Question 12

with replacement

Answer 12

record as a sample member and then return to the population before the next selection

Question 13

without replacement

Answer 13

removes each selected individual from the population before the next selection is made

Question 14

concerns with simple random sampling

Answer 14

chance to determine each selection (example: coin toss) individuals may appear in more than one sample

Question 15

systematic sampling

Answer 15

every “th” participant is selected from a list containing the total population

Question 16

stratified random

Answer 16

population is divided into subgroups (strata) > equal numbers are randomly selected from each of the subgroups

Question 17

proportionate stratified random sampling

Answer 17

population is subdivided into strata, the proportions in the sample correspond to the proportions in the population

Question 18

cluster sampling

Answer 18

preexisting groups are randomly selected from a list of all clusters that exists within population

Question 19

convenience sampling

Answer 19

individual participants are obtained by selecting those who are available and willing
-a disadvantage is that is not a probability-based

Question 20

quota sampling

Answer 20

identified subgroups establishing a set number of individuals to be selected form each subgroup through convenience methods

Question 21

purpose of research strategies

Answer 21

gives direction to your thoughts to produce quality research

Question 22

relationships between variables look like

Answer 22

negative and postive

Question 23

non-experimental stratgey

Answer 23

demonstrates a relationship between variables – does not attempt to explain it

Question 24

maturation

Answer 24

effect of time between measurements

Question 25

dependent variable

Answer 25

the variable that is observed for changes to assess the effects of manipulation

Question 26

why do we need research strategies

Answer 26

helps researchers chose the right data collection and procedure

Question 27

correlational strategy

Answer 27

measures two variables for each individual; describes a relationship, does not explain it

Question 28

experimental strategy

Answer 28

answers cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables

Question 29

quasi-experimental strategy

Answer 29

almost, but not quite, experiments –can never produce an unambiguous explanation

Question 30

non experimental

Answer 30

produces to the description of the relationship between the two variables

Question 31

correlational

Answer 31

measures two variables for individuals

Question 32

research design

Answer 32

talking about which of the three categories of research you’re going to end up using to test hypothesis and find out the relationship between variables

Question 33

research procedure

Answer 33

step by step on what is being done in study

Question 34

difference of internal and external validity

Answer 34

generalizability

Question 35

external validity

Answer 35

any threat to the ability to generalize (real life)

Question 36

internal validity

Answer 36

talking about how the study is done and any threat to the outcome of the cause-and-effect relationship

Question 37

threats to validity

Answer 37

-instrument
-change in instrument

Question 38

history

Answer 38

events outside of the lab

Question 39

effects of repeating lab testing

Answer 39

learning the test

Question 40

regression

Answer 40

extreme scores tend to move toward the center

Question 41

selection

Answer 41

picking subjects in a way that is not random

Question 42

mortality

Answer 42

subject drop out

Question 43

other threats to external validity

Answer 43

selection, sample, experimenter bias, testing, novelty

Question 44

goal of experimental research strategy

Answer 44

to provide more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among the variables in a research hypothesis than what is available from correlational research

Question 45

4 basic elements of experimentation

Answer 45

manipulation, measurement

Question 46

independent variable

Answer 46

variable that is manipulated by the researcher

Question 47

treatment condition

Answer 47

a situation or environment characterized by one specific value of the manipulated variable, the independent variable

Question 48

levels

Answer 48

different values of the independent variables

Question 49

extraneous variables

Answer 49

all other variables in the study other than independent and dependent

Question 50

manipulation check

Answer 50

finding out if the study worker, asking the participants if the study was successful