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Psych- Component 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a lab experiment

A

Controlled environment

IV is manipulated in order to measure the effects of the DV.

Standardised instructions

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2
Q

Strength of lab exp

A

High level of control

Extraneous variables minimised

Can easily be replicated

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3
Q

Weakness of lab exp

A

Artificial environment, lacks mundane realism as it doesn’t represent everyday life

Low ecological validity

Aware of being studied so may behave unnaturally

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4
Q

What’s a field experiment

A

Natural environment
(Out of the lab)

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5
Q

Strength of field exp

A

High ecological validity

Avoids demand characteristics

No researcher bias- not aware of being studied

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6
Q

Weakness of field exp

A

Less control over extraneous variables

More time consuming

Ethical issues

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7
Q

What’s a quasi experiment

A

The iv is naturally occurring

Not a natural experiment

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8
Q

Strength of a quasi exp

A

More ethical- iv isn’t manipulated

Enables psychologists to study ‘real problems’

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9
Q

Weakness of quasi exp

A

Less control

Unethical as participants may not be aware of being studied

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10
Q

What does it mean when you operationalise variables

A

HOW the iv is manipulated and dependent variable is being measured,

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11
Q

What’s a one tailed hypothesis

A
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12
Q

What’s a two tailed hypothesis

A
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13
Q

What’s a null hypothesis

A
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14
Q

What is independent measures design

A

Participants only take part in one condition
Different group of participants in each condition

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15
Q

Strength of independent measures

A

No order effect

More time and cost efficient

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16
Q

Weakness of independent measure

A

Low levels of control over individual differences

More participants required

17
Q

What’s repeated measures design

A

Everyone takes part in all conditions

18
Q

Strength of repeated measures

A

You can control individual differences

Less participants needed

19
Q

Weakness of repeated measures

A

Unable to use the same task

Order effects present as they experienced both conditions

20
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

Participant are matched in pairs based on characteristics in each condition

21
Q

Strength of matched pairs

A

High control over individual differences

Can use the same task

22
Q

Weakness of matched pairs

A

Time consuming

Can be subjective

Waste of finding

Questions validity

23
Q

What is an observation

A

Watching an recording some aspect of a persons behaviour

24
Q

Advantages of observations

A

High ecological validity. Helps us identify actual behaviours , rather than what people say they do

Allow spontaneous and unexpected behaviour can be captured

25
Q

Weakness of observations

A

Observe bias may lead to unreliable data as they may see what they expect to see

Ethical- participants don’t know they’re observed- invasion of privacy, deception

Don’t tell us anything about how people think or feel, only how they outwardly behave

26
Q

What’s a covert observation

A

Also know was undisclosed observations
Participants not aware of being observed
One way mirrors are used to prevent participant being aware of observation (can raise ethical issues)

27
Q

What’s an overt observation

A

Also know as disclosed observations.
Participants know that they are being observed which may alter their behaviour

28
Q

What’s a structured or unstructured observation

A

Structured: rely on the use of coding schemes in order to record behaviour. Generally provide quantitative data.

Unstructured: involve merely recording behaviour that can be seen and can involve the use of a video camera in order to gain qualitative data.

29
Q

What a controlled or naturalistic experiment

A

Natural= in a natural environment where everything has been left as it is normally.

Controlled= some variable are controlled by the researcher, possibly in a lab. Reduces the naturalness of behaviour being studied

30
Q

What’s a participant observation

A

Observer is also a participant in the activity being observed. This may be with or without the participants knowledge.

31
Q

What does the self report method contain

A

Questionnaires- asking people to write about themselves

Interviews- asking people to talk about themselves

32
Q

Are questionnaires structured or semi structured?

A

Questionnaires are ALWAYS structured and do no change

33
Q

What are structured interviews

A

Researcher used a list of pre set questions and participants choose their response from a list of fixed responses

34
Q

What’s a semi structured interview

A

A researcher uses a list of pre set questions but the participants responses are not fixed as they can express their own views.
Participants may add some more questions if it is needed.

35
Q

What’s an open ended questionnaire

A

Researcher does NOT use pre set questions. Instead asking participants to comment on a particular topic in their own words, thereby allowing them to express their views freely

36
Q

What are open ended questions

A

Invites people to describe what they think or feel about a particular topic in their own words

+ Rich in quantitative data. Provides an explanation as to WHY participants behave a certain way

  • Hard to analyse. Can be misinterpreted.
  • low validity if data given by participant has not been analysed correctly.
37
Q

What’s a closed question

A

Forces people to choose from a list of possible answers, usually by ticking a box. May include “yes/no” or “agree/disagree/don’t know”

+ Quantitative data.

+ Easy to analyse

  • lacks in depth descriptions. Can’t see people’s full views

Low validity

38
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

A

+ time efficient

  • low response rate
  • social desirability- participants answer to make themselves look better
  • ethics- participant need to be mindful not to cause psychological harm by invading privacy causing them embarrassment or potentially lowering their self esteem

+ allows researcher to find out things that cannot easily be discovered by experiments or observations. More valid as we are measuring views and opinions first hand

Psych- Component 1 (3 decks)

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