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Renal (2024 Don's class) > Renal Physiology (Don's Class) > Flashcards

Renal Physiology (Don's Class) Flashcards

1
Q

Body can drop _____ % GFR before serious problems.

A

20%

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2
Q

Production of _____ begins with ______ and ______ filtration from the plasma flowing into the glomerulus via the _______ arteriole.

A

-urine
-water and solute
-afferent

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3
Q

Role of the Glomerulus is to form an _______ of _________.

A

ultra filtrate of plasma

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4
Q

It is the ______ _______ of the _______ arteriole which plays a large role in the flow through the glomerulus.

A

muscle tone
afferent

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5
Q

Basement membrane is _______ charged due to ___________ which compose it.

A

negatively
glycoproteins

-Negatively charged proteins are thus repelled and are unable to pass through it.

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6
Q

The basement membrane effectively prevents filtration of _______ _______, in part because of strong ________ electrical charges associated with the proteoglycans.

A

plasma proteins
negative

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7
Q

GFR is defined as total volume per unit time (ml/min) which leaves the ________ and enters __________ ________.

A

capillaries
Bowmans space

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8
Q

The two major determinants of filtration pressure are ________ _______ _______ and _____ ______ ______.

A

glomerular capillary pressure (PGC)
glomerular oncotic pressure (pgc).

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9
Q

GFR is around ____ml/min which is around _____ L/day

A

120 ml/min
180 L/day

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10
Q

Glomerular capillary pressure is directly related to __________ and is heavily influenced by _____ _____ at points upstream (______) and downstream(_________) from the glomerulus

A

-renal artery pressure
-arteriol tone
-afferent
-efferent

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11
Q

Renal blood flow is around ____% of cardiac output. (_______ml/min)

A

20%
1200

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12
Q

4 factors that determine GFR.

A
  1. Ultrafiltration coefficient
  2. Oncotic Pressure
  3. Capillary Pressure
  4. Plama Flow Rate
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13
Q

Capillary plasma flow rate: Higher flow =

A

greater filtration

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14
Q

How does the body get back filtered plasma?

As the plasma moves towards the end of the glomerular capillary, filtration ________ because of an increase in _______ _______ (as fluid is removed the protein concentration ________)

A

-slows
-oncotic pressure
-increases

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15
Q

This term reflects the kidney’s ability to regulate GFR over a range of conditions

A

Autoregulation

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16
Q

The ______ ______is a specialized group of epithelial cells in the ________ tubules that comes in close contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

-macula densa
-distal

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17
Q

The macula densa cells contain ________ ________, which are intracellular secretory organelles directed toward the arterioles, suggesting that these cells may be secreting a substance toward the arterioles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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18
Q

Decrease in sodium chloride concentration initiates a signal from the macula densa that has two effects:

A

(1) It decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles, which raises glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return GFR toward normal.

(2) It increases renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which are the major storage sites for renin.
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19
Q

Tubular __________ is quantitatively more important than tubular _________in the formation of _____, but _________plays an important role in determining the amounts of _______ and _______ ions and a few other substances that are excreted in the urine.

A

-reabsorption
-secretion
-urine
-secretion
-potassium
-hydrogen

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20
Q

Defined as the volume of plasma from which all of a given substance is removed per unit time in one pass through the kidney.

A

Renal Clearance

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21
Q

If a substance is neither secreted nor reabsorbed, then its clearance is ______to GFR (e.g., ______)

A

-equal
ex. insulin

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22
Q

If a substance is completely reabsorbed, then clearance is ______(e.g., _______ under normal cond.)

A

-zero
-ex. glucose

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23
Q

If Cx > GFR there must be net ______.

A

secretion

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24
Q

If Cx < GFR there must be net _______.

A

reabsorption

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25
Q

If Cx = GFR there is neither…..

A

net reabsorbtion or net secretion

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26
Q

Normal Renal Function and GFR

A

100% functioning nephrons
GFR 125 ml/min

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27
Q

Reduced Renal function and GFR

A

10-40% functioning nephrons
GFR 12-80 ml/min

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28
Q

Renal Failure , function and GFR

A

<10 % functioning nephrons
GFR <12 ml/min

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29
Q

3 mechanisms of Reabsorption and Secretion

A
  1. Active Transport - uses energy
  2. Passive Transport -2 kinds
    -Simple: basically diffusion of lipid soluble
    agents or gasses
    -Facilitated: uses a protein channel or carrier
  3. Secondary Active Transport- moves solute against a concentration gradient coupled to movement of another solute, uses energy indirectly.
30
Q

Where does Pinocytosis occur?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

31
Q

Parts of the tubule, especially the ________ tubule, reabsorb ______ molecules such as ______ by ________.

A

-proximal
-large
-proteins
-pinocytosis

32
Q

PCT reabsorbs ___% of glomerular filtrate and returns it to _______ capillaries.

A

65%
-peritubular

33
Q

_______ _______ reabsorbs another 25% of filtrate

A

Nephron Loop

34
Q

DCT reabsorbs ___ , _____and ____ under hormonal control, especially, ______ and _____.

A

-Sodium, chloride and water
-Aldosterone and ANP

35
Q

DCT completes the process of determining the chemical composition of _______.

A

urine

36
Q

The Nephron and its Regions:

A

Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Ducts

37
Q

_____% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

70%

38
Q

PCT ____ Reabsorption

A

Active Reabsorption
-nutrients (glucose and amino acids)
-Ions (K+, Na+, Cl-)
-Small plasma proteins
-some urea and uric acid

39
Q

Where does carbonic anhydrase work?

A

PCT!

40
Q

The ____ tubule functions as the main re-absorptive area of the nephron

A

PCT

41
Q

ALL REABSORBTION IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE IS ___________.

A

ISO-OSMOTIC

42
Q

Only region of the nephron where carbonic anhydrase is present on the luminal membrane

A

PCT

43
Q

Reabsorption in the PCT: 2/3 of filtered ____ and _____ reabsorbed (mostly thru active transport of Na at the_______ membrane

A

-Na and Water
-basolateral

44
Q

Preferential site of HCO3- reabsorption (using carbonic anhydrase)

A

PCT

45
Q

Vitamin and K reabsorption also take place here

A

PCT

46
Q

PCT (secretion): Site of ________ secretion which is important in acid base function.

A

Ammonia

47
Q

The 3 functional distinct segments of the Loop of Henle:

A
  1. The Descending THIN segment
  2. The Ascending THIN segment
  3. The THICK Ascending segment (most important)
48
Q

What is the most important segment in the Loop of Henle?

A

THICK ASCENDING

49
Q

-Highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to most solutes
-The function of this segment is to allow simple diffusion of substances through its walls
-Twenty percent of filtered water is reabsorbed in this segment

A

The Descending Thin Segment

50
Q

-Virtually impermeable to diffusion of water
-Some re-absorptive capacity for ions such as calcium, bicarbonate, and magnesium

A

The Ascending Thin Segment

51
Q

Diluting segment portion of the nephron:

A

-Thick Ascending Limb (TAL)
MOST IMPORTANT

52
Q

The key feature of the TAL is that it is ______ ___ ______ while solute is pumped out of the tubular fluid.

A

impermeable to water

53
Q

The luminal membrane has 1___, 1____, 2_____ transporter pump.

A

Na+, K+, Cl

54
Q

This is the target site of Lasix and the only nephron segment where Cl is actively transported).

A

Thick Ascending Limb

55
Q

Unique apical Na+ transport Na-K-2Cl symport

A

Thick Ascending Limb

56
Q

Na-K-2Cl symporter is a target of a very common ________.

A

-loop diuretic (furosemide = lasix)

57
Q

The intraluminal charge is positive in the TAL, this drives reabsorbtion of _____ and ______

A

Mg++ and Ca++

58
Q

Distal Tubule & Cortical Collecting Tubule is…..

A

Virtually impermeable to water

59
Q

The first portion of the distal tubule forms part of the juxtaglomerular complex to provide feedback control of GFR and blood flow in the same nephron

A

Macula Densa

60
Q

Control the degree of dilution or concentration of urine. Absence of ADH – tubular cells virtually impermeable to water

A

Later Distal Tubule

61
Q

Reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium – the rate which is controlled by _______.

A

Aldosterone

62
Q

2 types of cells that regulate Hydrogen and Potassium

A

Principal Cells and Intercalated Cells

63
Q

_________:which reabsorbed sodium and water from the lumen and secrete potassium into the lumen

A

Principal Cells

64
Q

_______:reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium ions and secrete hydrogen into the lumen (important for acid-base regregulation by the kidneys)

A

Intercalated cells

65
Q

Final site for processing the urine
Reabsorbs less than 10 percent of the filtered water and sodium

A

Medullary Collecting Duct

66
Q

___________is capable of secreting ________ ions against a large concentration gradient which is important for regulating ___-____ _____.

A

-Collecting Duct
-hydrogen
-acid – base balance

67
Q

Permeability to water is controlled by the level of ADH

A

Medullary Collecting Duct (location)

68
Q

2 Mechanisms of Autoregulation

A

-Constriction and Dilation of pre capillary sphincters in the afferent and efferent arterioles
-Increased Na delivery to macula dense will decrease GFR via adenosine induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

69
Q

-Increased Na delivery to _______ _______ will decrease GFR via ________ induced ________ of the afferent arteriole

A

-macula densa
-adenosine
-vasoconstriction

70
Q
A

Renal (2024 Don's class) (6 decks)

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