Reminders

Question 1

What do the bulbourethral glands produce?
What do seminal vesicles produce?
What do prostate produce?

Answer 1

Bulbourethral gland - alkalinic pre-ejaculate
Seminal vesicles - fructose (70% of the fluid)
Prostatic fluid- alkalinic, milky fluid

All mix in the urethra.

Question 2

Uterine prolapse - what two ligaments are responsible for it?

Answer 2

Protrusion of cervix of uterus into lower vagina caused by weakness of muscles, ligaments, and fascia of the pelvic floor, such as the pelvic diaphragm, urogenial diaphragm, and ligaments of the uterus).

Uterosacral & Transverse cervical

Question 3

Pubocervical ligament

Answer 3

Runs from pubic symphysis to cervix; prevents bladder herniation into the anterior wall of the vagina (rectocele)

Question 4

Posterior scrotum and posterior labia gets innervated by___?

Answer 4

pudendal nerve

Question 5

Anterior scrotum and anterior labia majus is innervated

Answer 5

ilioinguinal

Question 6

superior hypogastric plexus is anterior to

Answer 6

Lumbosacral joint

Question 7

Superior hypogastric plexus is made of what type of fibers

Answer 7

sympathetic

Question 8

Inferior hypogastric plexus is made of what type of fibers?

Answer 8

Mix of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and visceral afferent plexus

Question 9

Seminal vesicles are innervated by sympathetic nervous system via what plexus?

Answer 9

Inferior hypogastric pelxus

Question 10

Where do you often get infra-aortic aneurysms?

Answer 10

Right below the renal arteries

Question 11

Why do you often get emboli at the SMA?

Answer 11

It takes off at a steep angle

Question 12

In a kidney donation, which pole would you sacrifice- superior or inferior? Why?

Answer 12

Inferior because it feeds the pelvis & ureters

Question 13

In a kidney donation, it’s easy to accidentally cut into the hilar lymph nodes because they so closely follow the arteries. What do you do to the patient’s diet when they have a lymph leak?

Answer 13

Put them on a low fat diet because lymph is high in fat –> limit inflow

Question 14

Kidney refers pain to the

Answer 14

Back

Question 15

Renal agenesis vs Dysplastic kidney

Answer 15

Renal agenesis - no ureteric bud, no kidney

Dysplastic kidney - incomplete ureteric bud,

Question 16

Openings in diaphragm and approx vertebral level

Answer 16

IVC: T8

Esophageal hiatus: T10

Aortic Hiatus: T12

Question 17

Why is the round ligament (+ovarian ligament) considered the remnant of the gubernaculum in women?

Answer 17

It anchors the ovary+uterus to the labia major the same way that the remnant of the gubernaculum in men (scrotal ligament) anchors the testes to the scrotum.

Question 18

Cystoceles (bladder prolapse into vagina) result from a defect in what?

Answer 18

Tendinous arch of fascia pelvis or pubocervical fascia

Tendinous arch of fascia pelvis: Dense band of connective tissue connecting levator ani fascia to the pubocervical fascia (covers anterior wall of vagina).

Important to urinary continence.

Question 19

Primitive gonad is called the

Answer 19

gonadal blastema
(formed when primordial germ cells migrate to the dorsal mesentery, enter the embryo proper, form the gonadal ridge, and form the sex cords)

Question 20

anterior recess of ischioanal fossa is innervated by what branch of pudendal?

Answer 20

perineal nerve

Question 21

anal canal and skin of anus is innervated by what branch of pudendal?

Answer 21

inferior rectal

Question 22

anal canal above the pectinate line drains into the ___ nodes.

anal canal above the pectinate line drains into the __ nodes.

Answer 22

above -> internal iliac

below -> inguinal

Question 23

What muscle will force blood from the crus of the clitoris into the distal part of the corpus cavernosum clitoris?

Answer 23

Ischiocavernosus

Question 24

The ureter can be found in what part of the broad ligament?

Answer 24

Mesometrium

Question 25

Except for the trigone, the bladder is derived from tissue associated with the ___ embryologically.

Answer 25

cloaca/urogenital sinus

Question 26

Horseshoe kidney is found at what level of the abdomen?

Answer 26

IMA level

Question 27

What ducts give rise to the ductus deferens?

Answer 27

Mesonephric ducts

Question 28

Intersititial cells of leydig (makes testosterone)are from what kind of embryonic tissue?

Answer 28

intermediate mesoderm

Question 29

The ventral aspect and raphe of the penis in the male is developmentally homologous to which one of the female structures?

Answer 29

labia minora

Question 30

Tumor in the head of the pancreas likely obstruct what structure?

Answer 30

common bile duct

Question 31

Tumor in the head of the pancreas near the uncinate process will likely obstruct what vessel?

Answer 31

SMA

Question 32

A man has a tumor at the neck of the pancreas. What structure will receive metastatic cells first? What vessel could be obstructed?

Answer 32

Liver will receive it; portal vein will be obstructed

Question 33

Venous drainage of pancreas

Answer 33

Splenic vein -> portal vein

Question 34

A woman had pain from the epigastrium that moved to the right hypochondrium region. She has a tender abdomen, positive murphy sign, thickened gallbladder wall, and elevated bilirubin. What structure is most likely obstructed?

Answer 34

Common bile duct obstruction would cause backflow to gallbladder with jaundice.

Question 35

What part of the duodenum crosses the aorta, IVC, and vertebral column?

Answer 35

3rd

Question 36

A neurectomy is performed to interrupt the neural pathway carrying pain from the pancreas. Which structure was severed?

Answer 36

Foregut -> Celiac ganglion. Nerve cell bodies of these visceral afferent fibers are located in the DRG of T5-T9

Question 37

The coelomic sac (internal surface of body cavity) is made of ___thelium

Answer 37

Mesothelium

Question 38

What organ develops in the ventral mesentery?

Answer 38

Gallbladder

Question 39

Which ends of the paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts are supposed to fuse to avoid bicornuate uterus or double uterus?

Answer 39

the caudal ends are supposed to fuse The cranial ends don't fuse to become fallopian tubes

Question 40

What ligaments support the upper vagina and cervix?

Answer 40

Transverse cervical & uterosacral ligaments

Question 41

What ligaments support the mid vagina? Prevents cystocele.

Answer 41

Pubocervical fascia between bladder & vagina

Question 42

What ligaments support the distal vagina?

Answer 42

Urogenital diaphragm; the attachments to pubic bone & levator ani

Question 43

The median umbilical ligament continues to the median umbilical fold from the ___ of the bladder

Answer 43

apex

Question 44

what ligaments anchor the neck of the bladder?

Answer 44

pubovesical (female) | puboprostatic (male)

Question 45

morison's pouch

Answer 45

hepatorenal pouch

Question 46

perforation of the posterior wall of the stomach will cause stomach contents to end up the lesser sac. What artery is behind the stomach that could also be affected?

Answer 46

splenic artery

Question 47

perforation of the posterior wall of the duodenum can damage what large artery?

Answer 47

Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Question 48

Lesser omentum is derived from __ mesentery | Greater omentum is derived from __ mesenetery

Answer 48

Lesser omentum -> ventral mesentery | Greater omentum -> dorsal mesentery

Question 49

What are the only prevertebral plexuses in the abdomen that is ONLY sympathetic?

Answer 49

Inferior mesenteric plexus Superior hypogastric plexus Celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal are all a mix of S & P

Question 50

The vagus nerve is a pat of what plexus?

Answer 50

Celiac plexus - feeds foregut & midgut

Question 51

The pelvic splanchnic nerves are part of what plexus?

Answer 51

Inferior hypogastric plexus - feeds pelvis & hindgut

Question 52

what artery anastomoses with the deep circumflex iliac artery?

Answer 52

iliolumbar artery

Question 53

true conjugate

Answer 53

sacral promontory to pubic symphysis (AP)