Regenerating places case studies

Question 1

What caused a decline in the farming in Cornwall?

Answer 1

• Rise of supermarkets means cheaper goods
• Eu and governments subsidies have fallen

Question 2

What caused a decline in the fishing in Cornwall?

Answer 2

• EU made it so Cornwall’s fish stocks can be used by France
• Overfishing caused decline in population of Cod and other fish

Question 3

What caused a decline in mining in Cornwall?

Answer 3

• Most sources completely depleted
• Tin prices fell due to overseas competition
• ## Deindustrialisation

Question 4

What caused a decline in quarrying in Cornwall?

Answer 4

• Labour has been cut and relocated
• Larger quarries use technology

Question 5

How has Cornwall’s demographic changed over time?

Answer 5

• 2021, 97% of people identified as white as a result of lack of infrastructure
• 2021, had an average age of 44 years old
• It has largely stayed the same

Question 6

What are the physical reasons for regeneration in Cornwall?

Answer 6

• Cornwall lacks a major urban centre and its main towns are small by national comparison. Almost half (47%) of the population live in rural areas.

Question 7

What are the infrastructural reasons for regeneration in Cornwall?

Answer 7

• Cornwall is far away from the core of major English cities, being approx. 250 miles away from London. Its transport links to the core are very poor, with no motorways. A rail journey from London to Truro takes the same time to London to Glasgow, despite the distance being approximately 50% shorter.

Question 8

What are the historical reasons for regeneration in Cornwall?

Answer 8

• Historically, mining, fishing and agriculture were Cornwall’s primary industries; mining in particular has left an important impact on the landscape, where it was once responsible for two-thirds of the world’s supply of copper. These traditional industries have, in recent times, declined and today’s economy is dominated by retail, public services, tourism and manufacturing. Much of Cornwall can be described as highly rural.

Question 9

What are the planning reasons for regeneration in Cornwall?

Answer 9

• Planning has shifted to focus on developing the tertiary and quaternary industries. The Eden Project, opened in 2001, is a significant success in planning and excellent use of land. Recent schemes, such as broadband for all, have proven very popular for supporting rural communities. Cornish land is also largely protected and conserved due to organisations such as the National Heritage Trust and Go Cornwall.

Question 10

Why was regeneration needed in Cornwall?

Answer 10

• 2014, average wage was £13,300 compared to the national average of £23,000.
• 40% of households live on less than £10,000 a year.
• 5% of neighbourhoods in Cornwall are among the most deprived in England.

Question 11

What is the eden project?

Answer 11

• Opened in 2001
• £120 million in investment
• Built on a former clay quarry
• Educates people on sustainability
• Homes 100,000 plants
• 3rd most visited tourist attraction in the UK in 2003

Question 12

What were the benefits of the Eden project?

Answer 12

• 6 million visitors in first 4 years
• 1 billion pounds for Cornish economy
• 6600 jobs created reducing unemployment by 6%

Question 13

What is the superfast broadband strategy in Cornwall?

Answer 13

• EU funded in 2011-2016
• Over 90% of Cornwall has access to fibre broadband, which was the first county in the UK to achieve this. Cornwall now officially has the world’s largest rural fibre network.
• Created approx. 200 jobs
• Partnerships with BT have helped develop the knowledge and information technology sectors of the economy.

Question 14

What is Newquay aerohub?

Answer 14

• Aerohub enterprise zone
• partnership between the council and private-sector investors who are trying to change Cornwall’s economy so that it is not so reliant on tourism.
• businesses attracted have included Skybus
• Approx. 700 jobs can be created this way

Question 15

What are Local Enterprise zones in Cornwall?

Answer 15

• In 2015, there were 44 of these in the UK. these zones focus business into specific areas which can then be ‘branded’ to attract particular companies.
• Council business tax discounts of up to 100% per business (up to a limit of £160,000 per year) for up to five years.
• Tax incentives allow new jobs to be generated through this incentive.
• A planning-free environment in which no planning permission is needed for buildings.

Question 16

What is Lobb farm in Cornwall?

Answer 16

• Focuses on diversification
• Initially earned £30,000 annually but now earns £200,000 a year due to the Eden project and has opened a visitor centre and tour centre to generate more business

Question 17

What were the Economic impacts of Cornwall’s regeneration?

Answer 17

• Since 2015 the IMD rating has improved in all social areas such as barriers to housing
• Over 90% of Cornwall now has access to fibre broadband, which was the first county in the UK to achieve this. Cornwall now officially has the world’s largest rural fibre network.

Question 17

What were the Economic impacts of Cornwall’s regeneration?

Answer 17

• The Eden Project remains one of the most economically successful regeneration projects in Cornwall. Visitors to the Project annually spend approx. £16 million a year.
• Unemployment has fallen in Cornwall only slightly; income is an area that has seen an 11 place drop in the 2019 IMD.
• The Eden Project has reduced unemployment by 6%.

Question 18

What are the demographical impacts of Cornwall’s regeneration?

Answer 18

• 95% of the Eden Projects workers are from Cornwall.
• Cornwall is ranked the second-poorest region in northern Europe and has a quarter of children living in poverty. Regeneration has ultimately not tackled the core issues in the community.
• Average age rises as access to healthcare improves
• Investment in higher education has seen less young people leaving

Question 19

What are the environmental impacts of Cornwall’s regeneration?

Answer 19

• ## Environmental protection of Cornwall has continued thanks to the National Trust

Question 20

Who are the stakeholders in Cornwall?

Answer 20

• The EU, Been a central player in Cornwall since 1999 and has given large financial support in the fishing industry for example.
• The UK government, Investment grants came from the UK government agencies through the South-West Regional Development Agency. This, however, was abolished in 2010. Investment grants largely come from the central government directly now.
• Local government, Two of the largest employers in Cornwall are the NHS and Cornwall Council. Local Enterprise Zones have been set up to support the local economy. Through this, businesses have been offered massive tax incentives to locate there.
• Local stakeholders, The largest industries in Cornwall are tourism, food and farming. These requires further expansion to support the Cornish economy.

Question 21

What were the old functions of Stratford?

Answer 21

• Potato farming
• Home to largest monastery in England
• Porcelain production

Question 22

What are the current functions of Stratford?

Answer 22

• Transport hub connects 5 train lines together
• westfield has over 250 shops, over 65 restaurants,a seventeen screen cinema and the UK’s largest 24-hour casino
• Olympic stadium

Question 23

What is the demographic of Stratford like?

Answer 23

• Population of 17,000
• Mean average age of 31.5
• 35.7% of the population is 18-29.
  40.8% of the population is white
• 21.3% of the population is black/black British.
• 28.3% of the population is Asian/Asian British.

Question 24

What are the reasons for Stratford’s young and diverse demographic?

Answer 24

• Highly accessible for commuters due to connected train lines
• Close to national airports such as Stansted
• Close to London’s financial district meaning valuable place for highly skilled workers to live
• 20 minutes away from central London
• M1 motorwy and trams pass trhough Stratford

Question 25

What were the regeneration strategies in Stratford?

Answer 25

• Sports led, Olympic park brought tourism and permanent sports facilities such as the velodrome and main stadium home to west ham
• Retail and businesses (westfield), created 10,000 jobs in first month of opening, 1 billion in profits in first 4 years
• Housing, 10k new homes to be built by 2030, 2 new schools opened one labelled outstanding,

Question 26

What role did local planning play in the regeneration of strtford?

Answer 26

• organised by the London assembly, led by major Boris Johnson.
• organisers were done by the local communities and volunteers.

Question 27

What role did national planning play in the regeneration of Stratford?

Answer 27

• Ensured smooth flow of funds for public events
• Promoting London as a global city
• Maximising benefits of Olympic games
• Ensured effective transportation during the games

Question 28

How have employment trends changed in Stratford?

Answer 28

• Stratford heavily industrialised in the past
• Unemployment rates have dropped significantly due to access to the financial and service sector

Question 29

How has land use changed in Stratford?

Answer 29

• Old brownfield sites transformed in Westfield
• Athlete housing in East village form the games are now being used as homes

Question 30

How have the levels of deprivation changed in Strtford?

Answer 30

• Deprivation decreased massively between 2015-19 due to improvements in income and living environment
• Crime rates dropped 5.5% annually since the games
• More children attend school and graduate showing improvement in education
• Healthcare and overall quality of life has improved
• Those who were most deprived were forced out of the area due to their houses being torn down eg Clay Lane

Question 31

What were the regional influences in Stratford’s regeneration?

Answer 31

• West ham bought the Olympic stadium
• The Queen Elizabeth park site still open for recreation
• Transport links
• Swimming pools service 50 schools aorund the area
• UEL, sxith forms, fashion school

Question 32

What were the national influences in STratford’s regneration?

Answer 32

• UCL and Loughborough attract students from all over the country
• Motorway connects STratford to the North of ENgland
• Airports within commuter distance
• National and internationl sports events can take place in the former olympic stadium
• Olympic park and Westfield tourist attraction

Question 33

What were the international and global influences in STratfords regneration?

Answer 33

• Westfield is an Australian TNC placing one of their shopping centres in STratfrd
• More people migrating to Stratford
• 2012 Olympic games introudcing many migrants to Stratford

Question 34

What are the social impacts that impact the perception before stratford’s rgeneration?

Answer 34

• More than 21% had low pay
• Worst adult health rates in London
• Highest percentage of homelessness in 2011
• Dereliciton and poor housing quality prior 2011
• Large amounts of litter on the streets prior 2011
• Low achievement in schools prior to 2012

Question 35

What are some points of conflict caused by the regeneration?

Answer 35

• Lost homes never replaced
• Gentrification of house prices causing out migration of working class people
• Construction took years disrupting local communities
• The pledge to rehouse 400 residents at Clay lane was never met

Question 36

What evidence was there to show the need for regeneration of Stratford?

Answer 36

• Deindustrialisation of Stratford caused mass unemployment
• carpenters estate ranked 36th out of 32,844 in england for crime, 10% most deprived neighbourhoods in the country.
• IMD 2010 stratford was in the 10% most deprived areas

Question 37

What was media perception of startfords regneration?

Answer 37

• Previously named stiny stratford due to wtare and air pollution
• Media companies recognised that the low income and employment rates could be fixed the rgeneration but also noticed the negatives being gentrification
• Dubbed fridge mountain du to mass dumping gorund of kitchen appliances

Question 38

What are the economic impacts of Stratfords regneration?

Answer 38

• Olympics completed under budget
• Olympics generated £13 billion for the UK economy
• Newhams unemployment rate fell by 1% from 2011 to 2014, workless benefits claimants fell from 13.8% to 10.2 %
• the median resident salary increased from £20500 in 2011 to £28000 in 2020
• IMD employment now in 6th decile
  income now in 4th decile, major improvements since 2010
• in Newham 52% of children are said to be living in poverty compared to the average London borough 38%

Question 39

What are the social impacts of Stratfords rgeneration

Answer 39

• Local positivity high due to volunteering for helping the 2012 games
• Olympic village named London East converted to 2800 flats
• healthcare increased in more places than others
• life expectancy is 77.9 years in stratford whereas the life expectancy 81.40 yearsin England
• 12% Percentage of households experiencing fuel poverty.(2018)
• ## 27% children living in low income households.

Question 40

What were the impacts of Stratford’s regeneration on the living environment?

Answer 40

• lost homes allotments and areas for fishing that were never replaced
• The Olympic Delivery Authority cleaned more than 2.3 million cubic meters of contaminated soil
• The olympic games promoted greener travel across london as £10 million was invested to upgrade pedestrian and cycling routes
• More than 98% of demolished material was recycled making it the greenest olympic games to date
• organisers helped develop 45 hectares of habitats and planted 300,000 plants
• Over 1,000 new trees were planted
• The twenty foot tall fridge mountain was removed, it was believed to be one of europe’s biggest collection of discarded goods

Question 41

What is the function of San Francisco?

Answer 41

• Global region for entrepreneurship, investment and tech businesses
• Many of the worlds technological advances were made in San Francisco
• A place called silicon valley is home to over 6600 companies
• 2.3 million square metres of office space

Question 42

How is San Francisco succesful economically?

Answer 42

• If silicon valley were a country it would rank 23rd in the world economically
• Since 2010, Bay Area employment has grown at nearly double the rate of other US metropolitan areas.
• ## Since 2010, Bay Area employment has grown at nearly double the rate of other US metropolitan areas.

Question 43

What challenges does San Francisco face?

Answer 43

• Access to transport, air, rail and road, is hard so commuter times are long and google buses that transport students disrupt locals
• Social polarisation caused by rising house prices in the area with averages being at $1,236,502

Question 44

What is the Rust Belt?

Answer 44

• The Rust-Belt is an area in the north west of the United States, states such as Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and West Virginia.
• Used to be known for car manufacturing but deindustrialisation led to a fall in employment

Question 45

What are some facts that show that the Rust Belt is unsuccessful?

Answer 45

• average household income was $25,000 in 2015, half the national average
• rust belt metropolitan areas have 4,500,000 less manufacturing jobs today than they did in 1970
• Life expectancy in parts of Detroit is just 69 years, and less than 30% of students graduate from high school
• population fell from 1.5 million in 1970 to only 680,000 by 2015
• Some derelict houses have been sold for just a dollar

Question 46

What is HS2?

Answer 46

• A ‘High Speed’ railway which was announced in 2010 and has three phases of construction with the first phase starting from London to Birmingham and the 2nd and 3rd phase will expand higher into the north into Manchester. The extension to Leeds and Manchester was cancelled by Rishi Sunak in 2023

Question 47

What is the intergrated rail plan?

Answer 47

• A plan to transform the North’s rail system into what it is like in the south, extremely connected with a lot of options to pay

Question 48

How many jobs has the hs2 created?

Answer 48

2,300 people join the ‘orange army’ building HS2’s stations, viaducts, bridges and embankments, taking the current total workforce to just under 30,000 in October, 2022.

Question 49

What will the HS2 to journey times?

Answer 49

The train travels 360 km/h and will get you from London to Birmingham in 49 minutes.

Question 50

What are the benefits of the hs2?

Answer 50

• Faster journeys, 49 minute journey from Birmingham to Manchester
• Creation of jobs, 30,000 jobs created in the long run of hs2’s construction
• Long term environmental impact, More freight goods to be carried around on trains instead of increasing carbon emissions through methods such as planes or trucks.
• Better transport links, The department of transport says that the number of people able to take this route will triple

Question 51

What are the disadvantages of the hs2?

Answer 51

• The cost - The cost of the project was initially 56 billion but was revealed to be 30 billion over budget and now it could cost over 100 billlon pounds
  -The time, The whole project is estimated to be finished by 2040 but the project is already behind schedule.
• The countryside, It will impact how the countryside will look and will displace many animals such as barn owls and otters.
• Homes, Some houses will have to be demolished in order to make way for the rail and some wont leave because they are not happy with this change.

Question 52

What is COP26 and how does it link to HS2?

Answer 52

• The 26th environmental united nations meetings and aimed to achieve a max of 1.5 degrees global warming.
• HS2 presented how it would aim to tackle climate change at COP26.
• HS2 can cut car travel by 1.2 million miles each day, saving 18 million litres of petrol each year.

Question 53

What is the Heathrow expansion?

Answer 53

• It was hoped airlines would create a “north-south hub” with more flights from Manchester, with passengers who live or work in London being only an hour away from the airport – thus spreading demand to regional airports and creating more international hub capacity in the South East.

Question 54

What are the advantages of the heathrow expansion?

Answer 54

• air travel is predicted to double by 2050 and Heathrow will not be able to cope without a 3rd runway. It runs close to 100% so with increase in demand the expansion is vital.
• The Expansion will boost the economy, BAA says the 3rd runway will be worth £7billion a year to the economy.
• Tens of thousands of jobs will be created in construction in the short term and business+toursim in the longer term.
• Lack of expansion threatens London’s position as a global financial and trading capital of the world, destroying international links Britain was built on.

Question 55

What is the northern powerhouse?

Answer 55

• The cities of the north becoming more economically involved with eachother in order to catch up with the south economically

Question 56

What is the main startegy of the northern powerhouse?

Answer 56

• More spending power given to local authorities rather than London.
• Another example is the election of the Mayor for Greater Manchester, who has been given £1 billion of devolved funds to spend on improving the city and attracting new businesses
• Relocation of businesses also helps, BBC built MediaCityUK in Manchester and moved many of its offices there in 2011.