Reform

Question 1

Economic Reform

3

Answer 1

Alexander II recognised need to industrialise after loss in Crimean War. Thought peasant unrest (712 uprisings 1526-54) could be cured by moving them form farms to factories Greatly increased railway production, launched the Trans-Siberian (proved ineffective in RJ War).

von Reutern as FM after Crimea 20x increase in railway construction, abolished tax farmers meant more income

Witte as FM under Alexander III. Oversaw the ‘Great Spurt’. Arranged loans form Britain, France, & Belgium. Number of foreign firms in Russia rose from 16 in 1888 to 2689 by 1900. Over 30,000 miles of railway built by 1900. Russian industrial output doubled between 1892-1904. Oilfields around Baku expanded

Stolypin’s Agricultural Reforms (see other card)

Question 2

Stolypin’s Agricultural Reforms

5

Answer 2

• Redemption payments abolished in 1907
• Peasants could own their own land separate from the mir
• Peasant Land Bank meant much state-owned and could be transferred to the peasants in a loan
• Peasants could leave the village without being restricted by the Mir
• Encouraged relocation to the Steppes area & Siberia

Question 3

Success & failure of Stolypin’s Reforms

4 & 2

Answer 3

Authority of the Mir reduced

Colonisation of Siberia and the Steppes was successful and wheat, eggs and livestock were produced

By 1917, 7 million peasant households, almost half of the total in Russia, held their land in private tenure

31% of land was peasant owned in 1877, 47% by 1917

Failure
In the central regions, strip farming still predominated, with only 10% of land being consolidated

Peasant poverty continued and tensions remained

Question 4

Social Reforms u

Answer 4

Emancipation Edict 1861

Milutin’s military reforms. Reduced military service from 25 to 15 years. These had a strong impact as Russia produced an army of 750,000 for 1877 war w Turkey

Uni fees for poor abolished

Stolypin’s agricultural reforms. Effective as by 1917 7mil households (almost half of them in Russia) held land in private tenure. Abolished redemption payments and could leave the mir.

Question 5

Political Reforms u

Answer 5

Emancipation Edict 1861.

Zemtzva 1864, Duma 1905

Provisional Government 1917