Readiness for Competition Flashcards
What are the prerequisites for competition readiness?
Motivational readiness
Cognitive readiness
Physical readiness
(Passer & Wilson 2002)
What is motivational readiness?
- When a child actively seeks opportunities to engage in social comparison
- Wishes to evaluate themselves against peers
How does self evaluation develop in children?
Self-reference (0-2.5 years)
Opportunity (2.5-4)
Social comparison (4-6)
Active competition (6-9)
What did Pacuzzi 1981 study show about readiness for competition?
Placing influenced post-race affect in pre-school boys but not girls
In 2nd grade, placing affected childrens perception of ability and expectancy of success
What did butler 1996 find about the ages in which children seek out competition?
5-6 were more likely to glance to get ideas
9-10 gave more competitive reasons for glancing
What are the consequences of early competition found in Donzella 2000 study?
in 3-5 year olds, losing caused increased hr, tension, anger and sadness
What is cognitive readiness involve?
Informational processing abilities
Attributional abilities
Role-perspective
What age does information processing occur?
Before 4 years old, children are easily distracted
At 10-12, they are more sophisticated and gave a greater memory capacity
What happens in attributional abilities?
4-7 attribute outcomes to task difficulty, not ability to effort
Less able to rationalise
Children at 9-12 can differentiate ability and effort and adapt to failure better
What happens through the ages of role perspective found in Coakley 1996 study?
Children are ego-centric before the age of 6
6-8 can understand others views
8-10 can understand and accept others views
10-12 true group perspective develops
How can parental readiness be seen? (Smoll and Cumming 2006)
Allow child to sample sports
Avoid being over-protective
Accept dissappointments
Respect if they want to compete or not
When is a child physically ready for competition?
Fundamental skills have developed (8-9 years old)
What happens if a less competent athletes competes?
Less success Get less attention Greater anxiety Minimum effort Drop-out
What is specialisation? (Cote 2007)
Early involvement in one single sport, athletic excellence is the primary objective
Why is specialisation used?
10 year preparation rule (Ericsson 1993)
Increased emphasis on deliberate practice enhances skill acquisition
