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Anatomy > RAT 2 > Flashcards

RAT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protons

A

have a positive charge, inside the nucleus, 1.007276 amu

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2
Q

Neutrons

A

have no charge, inside the nucleus, 1.008665 amu

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Have a negative charge, around the nucleus, 0.0005486 amu

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4
Q

Why are atoms electrically neutral?

A

The number of protons and electrons are equal in an atom. A positive and negative cancel each others charge.

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5
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

The orbit path outside/around the nucleus that electrons follow

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6
Q

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

A

2 electrons

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7
Q

How many electrons can the second shell hold?

A

8 electrons

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8
Q

How many electrons can the third shell hold?

A

18 electrons but is satisfied with only 8

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9
Q

what is atomic number?

A

Atomic number is the number of protons an element has

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10
Q

What is mass number?

A

Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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11
Q

What are the four major elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%)

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12
Q

Sodium

A

Na

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13
Q

Potassium

A

K

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14
Q

Calcium

A

Ca

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15
Q

Chlorine

A

Cl

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16
Q

Phosphorus

A

P

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17
Q

Iron

A

Fe

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18
Q

Iodine

A

I (capital i)

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19
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An element that has the same atomic number as another element but a different mass number (due to different number of neutrons)

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20
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

The unstable form of an element that emit radiation to transform into a more stable form

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21
Q

Are all isotopes radioactive?

A

No only the unstable isotopes are radioactive

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22
Q

Cancer radiation therapy

A

radiation from some radioisotopes damages the structural features of cancer cells and interferes with their functions, killing them

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23
Q

Radio tracers

A

injected into patient, and the radiation they produce is detected by a camera and analyzed by a computer. The pictures taken show size, shape, and activity of certain organs and cells in the blood

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24
Q

Treatment of thyroid disorders

A

High doses of the radioisotope iodine-131 are used to treat overactive thyroid and thyroid cancers. The isotope accumulates in the thyroid gland and damages the cells, interfering with their functions and so killing them

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25
Q

What are molecules?

A

Two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond

26
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms

27
Q

What are compounds?

A

A molecule composed of two or more atoms of different elements

28
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The electron shell where chemical bonds are formed when the electrons located in the outermost shell of atoms interacted

29
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

The electrons in an atom’s outer shell; involved in chemical reactions and the formation of chemical bonds

30
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

The principle that states that an atom is most stable with eight electrons in its valence shell

31
Q

What is the duet rule?

A

The exception to the octet rule. This exists for atoms with five or fewer electron; such atoms are more stable with only their first electron shell filled. The first electron shell holds only two electrons.

32
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons and resulting attraction between a positive metal cation and negative nonmetal anion.

33
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons

34
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positive ion with more protons than electrons

35
Q

What is a anion?

A

A negative ion with more electrons than protons

36
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Chemical bonding resulting from the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and hydrogen.

37
Q

What is single covalent?

A

Only one pair of electrons is shared

38
Q

What is double covalent?

A

when two electron pairs of electrons are shared

39
Q

What is triple covalent?

A

When three pairs of electrons are shared

40
Q

What are nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

A covalent bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms. it is called nonpolar because there is a difference in electronegativity.

41
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

it is a covalent bond that exists when atoms of different electronegativities come together to share electrons but unequally. This forms a dipole

42
Q

What is a dipole?

A

A partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond

43
Q

How does surface tension of water relates to hydrogen bonding?

A

When many water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, they form lattice of water molecules, which is strong and flexible this creates surface tension.

44
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

45
Q

How many bones in the skull are cranial bones?

A

8

46
Q

How many bones in the skull are facial bones

A

14

47
Q

What are sutures?

A

A fibrous joint structurally and a synarthrosis functionally that is found between the bones of the skull

48
Q

What can be found in the orbit cavity?

A

Eyes

49
Q

What can be found in the nasal cavity?

A

Sensory receptors for smell are contained in the nasal cavity

50
Q

What can be found in the oral cavity?

A

The oral cavity surrounds the teeth and the tongue.

51
Q

What are sinuses?

A

They are air filled, membrane lined spaces that bones have

52
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

The four bones around the nasal cavity have large sinuses which are paranasal sinuses.

52
Q

Which bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

For Easier Sinus Memorization
Frontal bone, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillary bone

52
Q

What is the Calvarium?

A

The cranium without the face

52
Q

What are the three cranial fossae?

A

If the image is facing my right, then from back to front it would be
posterior cranial fossa, Middle cranial fossa, Anterior cranial fossa

52
Q

What are fontanels?

A

They are a “soft spot” in the skull of a fetus and infant in which the cranial sutures have not yet fused

53
Q

Why are fontanels important?

A

They are important because it allows for brain and skull growth for infants and fetuses

53
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A bone in the superior neck to which muscles and ligaments attach

53
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

It does not move with any bones instead it is suspended in the superior neck by muscles and ligaments that attach it to the styloid processes of the temporal bone and to the larynx

54
Q

Why is the hyoid important in forensics?

A

A broke hyoid bone can show that a crime victim was strangled

55
Q
A
56
Q
A

Anatomy (6 decks)

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