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R-ANAPH > RANDOM BLACBOOK > Flashcards

RANDOM BLACBOOK Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

sci - sructure - reln to its parts

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2
Q

What constitutes structure?

A

skeleton- bony framework
protects- gives shape- plsce for attachment

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

study of fx

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4
Q

What is a tissue

A

grp / layer of similar specialized cells - perform specialized fx

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5
Q

histology

A

study of strcture / arrange of tissues

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6
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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7
Q

continuous layer - cover body surface / lining body cavity

fx: seucretion-absorption-secretion-sensation

A

epithtelial

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8
Q

supports + holds together other cells

Give examples

A

Connective tissue

Ex
bone
cartilage
tendon
ligament
fibrous ct

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9
Q

non living material

secreted by cells of ct

becomes bonding & supporting matl b\n cells

A

matrix

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10
Q

controls contractions of muscles

Composition?

Types?

A
  • Muscular t

-elongated cylindrical - spindle shaped cells -small longt // contractile fibers

-skeletal
smooth
cardiac m

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11
Q
  1. fx: conduction of electochmical nerve impulses
  2. Why neuron cells join together
A

nervous tissue

-to pass impulses over long dist -body

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12
Q

what is mitosis

A

reg division of cells

ability to renew itself- growth of tiss - due to multiolication of cell members

each 2 resultant cell same # & chromos of parent

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13
Q

describe cell structure (7)

A

protoplasm - gelatin; mass of cell (protein mol-fatty matls-carbo-salts)

plasma memb- outer surf of cell; elastic cover ; regs passing of contents (nuutrients- waste-secretions)

nucleus - directs cell acts- genes-traits ; granules (chromatin)

nuclear membrane - sep from rest - regs matls in out nucleus

cytoplasm - senuifluuuid matl (drroplets, vacuuoles, granules, fibrils)

centrioles - small cylind adj to nucleus - role in cell division

endoplasmic reticula - tubuular strand - small spaghetti spread outu from cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is an organ

A

single unit of a system conp of variouusu tiss perform particular fx

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15
Q

what is a system

A

group of organ - division of labor

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16
Q

circulatory system

A

transport matls throughout body

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17
Q

Respiratory system

A

provides exchange off oxygen and co2

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18
Q

digestive system

A

provides for
intake - breakdown-absorption of food

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19
Q

excretory system

A

elimination of waste

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20
Q

skeletal system

A

body locomotion & support

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21
Q

muusccular system

A

mvmt & locomotion in conjuction w skeletal sys

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22
Q

nervvous system

A

conduucts impulses around body
& integrates activities of systems

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23
Q

endocrine system

A

coordinator of body fx

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24
Q

reproduuctive system

A

continuation of species

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25
Q

sensory system

A

receives stimuli in & out of body

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26
Q

what factors detss density of tissue amd organs

A

dep on composition of cell structure - solid -empty-filled

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27
Q

Skin fx

A
  • protect form envt bacteria
    -maintain internal envt
    -shields blows-friction-rpressure
    -waterproof
    -protect from uuv - suntan
  • thermostat - control elim of heat / insulation
  • excretoryy -thruu sweat glands
  • contain- sense receptors - feel pressure &U temp-pain - discctim b/n objec
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28
Q

describe strucuuutre of bone

A

PERIOSTEUM = vasuular - bvs at end covering bone ; - inner layer lined in growing bone

contains OSTEOBLAST (bone forming cells)

CORTEX - uunder periosteum; comp: dense compact bone

CANCELLOUS BONE - inner spongy, porous section froming a layer under a cortex

MEDULLA -cavity of shafft bone

ENDOSTEUM - lining of bone cavity

BONE MARROW - tissue contained w/in cavity of long bone

*YELLOW BONE MARROW - adult; muuo FAT
* RED BW - lil fat; supplied w blood & ERHYTHROBLAST (reddish colored cells) ; where RBC fromed

NUUTRIENT FORAMINA - small opening - bv - nutrient artery

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29
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

A

LONG BONES = 2 extremities & shaft; provided w medullary canal - contains marrow

SHORT BONES - small irregular shaoe ; muo cancellous tissue ; compact issue - surface

FLAT BONES = extensive protection and broad surfaces – for muscle attach

IRREGULAR BONE= peculiar shape - vertebra

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30
Q

Explain

DIAPHYSIS

EPIPHYSIS

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

METAPHYSIS

A

DIAPHYSIS = middle; pmry center of ossification

EPIPHYSIS = ends ; secondary center of ossif

EPIPHYSEAL LINE = thin cartilge sep diaphysis and epiphysis

METAPHYSIS = middle of epiphysis and diaphysis

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31
Q

JOINT CLASIFICATION

A

Immovable/fibrous = permit no mvmt; ossified later; skull

Slightly movable/ cartilogenous joint = where cartilage unite the bone;hard hyaline +disk of s9fter fibrocartilage ;limited motion; vertebra

Freely movable /Synovial joint = smooth articulsr cartilage ; oiled by synovial fluid

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32
Q

TYPES OF FREELY MOVING JOINTS

A

GLIDING = slides; no rotation; vertebra, intercarpal

HINGE = w angular mvmt; elbow bending
SADDLE = 2 angular mvmts @ right angle; b&f s&s ; CPMJ Thumb

PIVOT = rotate; ulna-annular (stabilisze ulna to elbow)

BLL ND SOCKET = hip, shoulder; fit to concave

CONDYLOID = circumduction; metacarp j

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33
Q

AXIAL VS APPENDICULAR

A

AXIAL = SVRS
skull
Vertebrae -33 sep vbones
Ribs 1-7 st 8-10 byc 11-12
Sternum

APPENDICULAR = ULPS
upper
Lower
Pelvis
Shoulder girdles

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34
Q

MUSCLE FX

A

Movmt (contraction-pulling)
Maintain posture
Support joints
Pomote quick mvmt

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35
Q

What is: MUSCLE TONUS ?

A

Fully relaxed muscle may contract to approx half is length but retain full state of tension

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36
Q

SYSTOLIC VS DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

A

Systolic = highest pressure (contraction heart)

Diastolic = lowest (relaxing)

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37
Q

Where to exedent attempt to find pulse

A

RUSF

Radial artery = lat ant wrist
Ulnar = med ant wrist
Sperficia temporal a = ant to eam
Femoral = groin

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38
Q

What is: METABOLISM ?

A

Sum of all chem act to provide
Growth
Maintenance
Repair

PE 》 KE + HEAT 》SUBS

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39
Q

What is: ENDOCRINE GLANDS ?

A

“Ductless”
Secrete subs to bloodstream than duct

P4T3LSDAO

Pineal
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pncreas
Thyroid
Thymus
Testes
Liver
Stomach
Duodenum
Adrenal
Ovaries

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40
Q

Px: JOINTS

A

Permit mvmt = action of muscles

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41
Q

CRANIAL BONES (8)

A

1 OCCIPITAL = back; contain FMag
2 PPARIETAL = upper
2 TEMPORAL = lat walls
1 SPHENOID = anterior
1 ETHMOID = form part of orbit,nasal f,cranial ba
1 FRONTAL = forehead

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42
Q

SUTURES OF CRANIAL BONES

A

SAGITTAL = 2 parietal bones at top
CORONAL = unite frontal -parietal -sagittal
LAMBDOID = occip-parieta
SQUAMOSAL = tempo - pariet

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43
Q

Facial bones are ppaired except for 2

A

Vomar
Mandible

44
Q

SINUSES / PARANASAL SINUSES

A

Add resonance to voice
Bony cavities w/in cranium and facial

MAXILLARY = sup to maxilla (upper jawbone)
FRONTAL = w/in frontal bone
ETHMOID = “” ethmoid b
SPHENOID =”” s0henoid b

45
Q

3 FACIAL CAVITIES

A

ORBITAL
NASAL
ORAL

46
Q

Enumerate VERTEBRAE

A

Cervical 1-7
THORACIC 1-12
LUMBAR 1- 5
SACRUM 5 fused but classif as 1 bone
COCCYX 4 fused

47
Q

Parts of: VERTEBRA

A

BNVSTALPT

Body
Neural arch
Vertebra formen
Spinous process
Transverse process
Articular process
Lamina
Pedicles
Transverse foramina

48
Q

AXIS VS ATLAS

A

AXIS = C2 ; strongest cervical (thick spinous process) ; has Odontoid (long prominence; fit into atlas opening)

ATLAS =C1

49
Q

Larger bodies among all vertebrae
Triangular vertebral formina
Hatchet shaped spinous process

A

Lumbar

50
Q

Type of joint b/n articular procss of vertebrae

A

Gliding joint = b/n each vertebrae
Held together by ligaments (Tough fibrous tissue)

51
Q

Fused to increase stabiity of pelvis
Posterior wall of pelv

A

Sacrum

52
Q

Parts i : HUMERUS

A

ANATOMIC NECK = bn greate ler tub
RADIAL FOSSA = ant sup to capitulum
OLECRANON FOSSA = post sup trochlea
SHAFT /BODY =long bone ; center w medullary cavity
GREATER TUBEROSITY = eminence protru lat proximal
SURGICAL NECK = below tuber; freq fx site
HEAD = rounded proximal

53
Q

Longer of the 2 bones and larger at proximal end (olecranon p) in forearm

A

Ulna

54
Q

Rounded head at proximal end
Loc on thumb side
Distal end thicker (site of colles fx)

A

Radius

55
Q

Wrist bones (8)

A

SoLeTThePinkyHereComesTheThumb

SCAPHOID (NAVICULAR)
LUNATE
TRIQUETRIUM (TRIANGULAR)
PISIFORM
HAMATE CAPITATE
TRAPEZIUM (GREATER MULTANGULAR)
TRAPEZOID (LESSER MULTANGULAR)

56
Q

2 portions if pelvis

A

False and true pelvis

57
Q

Used as a landmark at its junction w the body for the midline of the diaphragm
Upper surface of liver
Lower border of heart

A

Xiphoid tip

58
Q

Longest larget bone in thebody

A

Femur

59
Q

Innominate/hip bones

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

60
Q

Major px: Trasmit weight of body from pelvis to lower extremities

A

Femur

61
Q

Largest of the sesamoid bones
Smooth in posterior
Articulate w femur

A

Kneecap / patella

62
Q

Eminence or deep groove sep 2 condyles at distak end of femur

A

Intercondylar notch

63
Q

2 bones lower leg

A

FIBULA = lat; smaller ; lateral malleolus at distal end ; articulate w tibia

TIBIA = larger (2nd to the femur); junction w fibula ;medial mlleolus

64
Q

What does the Medial and lateral malleolus form?

A

ANKLE MORTISE

65
Q

TARSAL BONES

A

TigerCubsNeedMILC

TALUS
CALCANEUS
NAVICULAR
MEDIAL INTERMEDIATE LATERAL CUNEIFORM
CUBOID

66
Q

Larges bone of tarsus
Beneath astragalus
Provide shape and support heel

A

Calacaneus / calcis

67
Q

Body systems

A

MURDERS LINC

MUSCULAR
URINARY
REPRODUCTIVE
DIGESTIVE
RESPIRATORY
SKELETAL

LYMPGATIC
INTEGUMENTARY
NERVOUS
CIRCULATORY

68
Q

Digestive sys parts

A

28 ft

Mouth to anus

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophgus
Stomach
SI LI
ANUS
RECTUM

69
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS

A

3

Sublingual = ant base tongue
Parotid = front of ear
Submaxillry /Submandibular = mandible

70
Q

Describe PHARYNX

A

Continuation of digestion from mouth

3

Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Larnygopharnyx

71
Q

Opening at upper end of esophagus b4 stomach

A

Cardia

72
Q

Opening into intestine

A

Pylorus

73
Q

Portion bulging upward and left in stomach

A

Fundus

74
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

A

22 to 25 ft

Pylorus to ileocecal junction

DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM

75
Q

Which ducts empty into duodenum

A

Pancreatic d
CBD

76
Q

LARGE INTESTINE PARTS

A

5 ft

CECUM = blind sac ; @ RIliac fossa

ASC COLON = contacts w liver (hpticflexure)

TRANSVERSE = hepticto splnic (r &l colic) flexure

DESC COLON = down infron of L kidney tp pelvis

SIGMOID COLON =desc to rectum (rectum 8 inch)

77
Q

LARGEST GLAND
R hypochondriac uper epigastric

Fx?

A

Liver

Bile secretion
Metabolic fx (carbo, fat, protein)

78
Q

Accessory glands involved w digestion

A

PANCREAS = toward hilum of spleen; provides juice (dogestive enzymes)

LIVER = blie, glycogen fx; protein

GALLBLDDER = store bile; involuntry muscle-need fat to contract to push bile to SI

79
Q

APPENDIX

A

2-6 inch

Pouch at lower end cecum

80
Q

Describe kidney

A

Loc at poterior abdomen
Beneath diaphragm
R kidney lower
Hilum at medial bord kidney (renal a&v, pelvis enter k; ureter leaves)

81
Q

Ureters

A

10 to 12 in
Urine > Kidny to ub

82
Q

Reswrvoir of urine

A

Urinar bladder

83
Q

Urethra

A

Urine > bladder to the exterior

Male 6in
Fem 4 cm

84
Q

Principal pathways of excretion

A

SKIN = sweat ,oil
LUNGS =co2
INTESTINE =food residue
KIDNEYS =water ,urine

85
Q

System that is composed of blood vascular system and lymphatic system

A

Circulatory sys

Lymph sy (drains excess fluids and proteins from tisses back to bloodstream ~preventing tissue swelling)

Lymph =wbc &chyle (fluid from intestine)

86
Q

Parts of lymphatic system

A

Lacteal of intestina walls
Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen

87
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Contraction = systole
Relaxtion = diastole

88
Q

What is :PULSE PRESSURE

A

Difference bn systolic and diastolic pressure

89
Q

Which nerv system supplies the heart

A

Involuntary (autonomic) nrvous syestem &
Intrinsic autonomic “”

*heart cpntinue to beat if external nerve severed ~ POWER OF RHYTMIC CONTRACTIVITY

90
Q

Vessels convey blood from arteries to vein

A

Capillaries

91
Q

Parts pf nervous sys

A

CENTRAL = brain &spinal cord
PERIPHERAL = nerves branching out ut from brain and spjnal cord

92
Q

Part of nervous sys that control activity of
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Sweat and digestuve
Certqin endocrine glands

A

Autonomic sys

Div into : sympathetic ad parasymphathetic

93
Q

Parts of the ear

A

EXTERNAL / AURICLE = cartilage; @ side head; collect sound vib of air thru external aditory canal

MIDDLE EAR = irreg shape in temporal bone;filled w air and auditory ossicles (INCUS MALLEUS STAPES); conduct vibration (tympanic mem to internal

INTERNAL EAR = receptors for hearing and equillibrium of body (gravty,motion) w petrouz portion of temporal bone

94
Q

Has a more wie spread effext on other glands

Either modifies or controls their secretions

“Leader”

A

Pituitary gldn

ANTERIOR = master of other glands
POSTERIOR = effect on smooth muscle > causing contraction

95
Q

Describe BRAIN

A

/”Encephalon” = center of nervous

Tiss mem Coverings:
DURA MATER
ARACHNOID
PIA MATER

2 layers of matter : GRAY &WHITE

3 MAIN PARTS:
FOREBRAIN= cereba hemisphere
MIDBRAIN= connect foreb to pon & cereb
HINDBRAIN = (MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS,CEREBELLUM)

FXAL PARTS
CERERUM
CEREBELUM
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

96
Q

FXL PARTS OF BRAIN

A

CEREBRUM : most thinking & emotion
2 hemisp = lat ventricles

CEREBELUM = post bn occipital lobe of cereb; Coordinzte mvmts & maintain equillib
2 hemisphere & central portion (VERMIS)

PONS = white; midde of crnial at bse of skull
Connect midbr to med.obl
Longitud (medob-cerebrum) & trnsvese fibers (cerebel-pons)

MEDULLA OBLONGATA =bulb of the brain; conduct impulses to &from spinzl cord - brain

97
Q

Spinal cord

A

18 in
Upper 2/3 of spinal canal - upper L2
Part of Cns
Csf inspinal canal

98
Q

CSF

A

Clear colorless watery -fill cns
Formed: CHOROID PLEXUS (ventricles)

Protect cns from mechanica injury ~ shock absober
Pthway for exchang of nutrientz and waste bn bloodstream

99
Q

Composition of csf

A

Water
Glcose
Potassium
Sodium chlorde
Protein
Wbc

100-200 ml (adult)

Gravity: 1.004 -1.008

100
Q

CSF flow

A

Lat vent
Foramen of monro
3rd ventr
Aquedut sylvius
4th vent
Openings: cranial subarachanoid space, foramina of magendie
Spinal cord and brain

Drained by filtration (arachnoid vili)

101
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

A

Oh. Some
Oh. Say
Oh. Marry
To. Money
Touch. But
And. My
Feel. Brothers
A. Say
Girls. Big
Vagina Brain
Ah. Matters
Heaven Most

102
Q

Is an rterial anastomosis at the base of the brain

A

Circle of willis

103
Q

Ductless glnds

A

“Endocrin glands”

Organs w fx :prodyce special secretions (gland >hormonez>excte organ activity) to blood /lymph

104
Q

Ductles gland organs

A

P3S2T2

SPLEEN = produce blood &fight dse

PINEAL BODY = devt of 👁

PITUITARY = protected by sella turcica
: ANT = secrete hrmone >thyroid metab, carb m, sex, growth
:POST = horm >BP &constricting arteries

THYROID= thyroxin >body growth& nervous stability

PARATHYROID = calcium metab (imp for bone,blood,other tiss)

THYMUS= body growth & reproductive orgsns

SUPRARENALS =
Medulla : adrenaline, reg temp & bp
Cortex: water & salt metab

105
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE

A

TESTIS = sperm cell, male hormnes
EPIDIDYMIS = duct - ductus deferenz
DUCTUS DEFERENS
SEMINAL VESICLE = semen reservoir
EJACULATORY DUCT
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND = cowpers ;secrete seminal fluid
PROSTATE GLAND= secrete fluid ~ sperm mobile
SCROTUM = support testes
PENIS = erectile tizsue (glans penis=distal end) (prepuce-foreskin)
URETHRA = passage for uine & semen

106
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

A

OVARIES = egg / ovum
UTERUS = bn ub & rectum; behind pubisymph
FALLOPIAN TUBES =uterine tubes/ oviducts ; carry ovum donwrd for conception
VAGINA =3 in;
CLITORIS = pnis

R-ANAPH (3 decks)

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