Radiology Flashcards
The ASIS is the site of origin of the _____. The AIIS is the site of origin of the _____.
Sartorius (both have 2 Ss)
Rectus Femoris
The greater trochanter of the femur is the site of insertion of the ____ and _____ and the lesser trochanter is the site of insertion of the ______
Gluteus medius and minimus
Iliopsoas
Hips tend to dislocate _____. _____ could also be injured by this dislocation.
Posteriorly (slide 49)
The sciatic nerve
Sholders tend to dislocate ____
anteriorly
The ligamentum teres originates from the ____ and attaches it to the _____
femoral head
acetebulum
In an acetebular labral tear, the joint space appears _____
as areas of bright signal. Normal= dark
slide 50
A 5-8 year old might have what disease of the hip?
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Legg-perthes disease.
Flattening and increased sclerosis of the femoral head.
Slide 52
A 13-16 year old going through puberty might have what disease of the hip? What type of salter fracture is this? What predisposes a child to this? Is there a Hx of trauma? What does the X-ray look like? How often is this bilateral?
SCFE- slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Salter I (only physis/growth plate affected)
Obesity
No trauma
Ice cream falling off of an ice cream cone
20% of pts
Slide 52
What pathology of the hip might a newborn have? How can you tell if this happened in utero?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Hip is dislocated.
The acetebulum is not curved and appears steep on X-ray-> increased ace tabular angle (slide 53, on L)
What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?
Whole bone is out of joint space in dislocation. Only part of bone is out in subluxation
A motor vehicle accident could cause a ____ of the distal femur.
This specific case means there’s a fracture of the ____ and ____. If this occurs in a child, what might you be concerned with?
Salter II fracture (slide 56)
Metaphysis and physis
A fracture that enters the growth plate (physis) could cause abnormal growth later in life (30% of the time)
What is the most common type of Salter-harris fracture? How about the next most common?
Type II (of the physis and metaphysis) Type IV- of the epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis
An ACL tear looks like ____ on MRI
a mess and seems lax. You can’t really make out the ACL (slide 60)
A meniscal tear looks ____ on MRI
bright in what should be a dark space
MRI of a torn quadriceps tendon looks like…
discontinuity and increased signal (slide 61)
If the patella is upwardly or downwardly displaced, the ____ might be torn. On MRI, you can see____
Patellar tendon
Increased signal in the usually dark space around it
A jones fracture is a ____. It likely stems from ____.
What is the significance of this?
Proximal fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal
A twisting inversion injury (rolling your foot)
There’s an increased incidence of non-healing due to a poor blood supply
an MRI of an achilles tendon tear shows ____
Increased signal, irregularity, and discontinuity (slide 65)
“Mush”
The tendon of the posterior tibial muscle runs behind the lateral malleolus with….
A tear of this tendon shows ___ on MRI.
A Hx of ___ would make you consider this Dx.
the flexor digitorum tendon, a vessel, a nerve, and the flexor hallucis longs tendon.
Hyperdensity and increased signal in a space that’s usually black
Acute flat foot.
Osteoarthritis is due to _____. It typically occurs in ____ joints and causes _____ due to _____
Wear and tear Weight-bearing joints Irregular narrowing of the joint space The formation of more bone including visible osteophytes- HALLMARK of this disease (slide 69)
Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with ____. Bones become more lucent due to ____. It can be seen in _____ joints.
Inflammation
erosion/demineralization
Both weight-bearing and non-weight bearing joints
Pt comes in complaining of shoulder pain. He fell on his outstretched arm. See slide 72. What’s your Dx?
Anterior glenohumeral dislocation
A QB comes in with shoulder pain after a particularly hard tackle (slide 74). Whats your Dx?
AC joint separation
A full thickness tear looks like ____ on MRI
hyper density that goes all the way through something that is usually black (slide 77)
A joint effusion in the elbow will have 2 signs on X-ray:
On CT, this looks like…
The anterior sail sign and the posterior fat pad sign
Fat (dark) being pushed out of the joint space [by fluid]
A supracondylar fracture is common in which general age group?
Kids
Avascular necrosis can result if you miss a fracture in one of these 3 locations:
Femoral neck, scaphoid, talar neck
What are the carpal bones, starting from the radial head:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What does avascular necrosis look like on X-ray?
increased density in a bone (slide 84)
A fall on an outstretched hand, in which the radius and ulna move dorsally, can lead to a ____ fracture. If they move ventrally, that’s called a ___ fracture.
Colles or dinner fork (slide 86)
[They move together b/c of the TFCC ligament]
Smith
If the carpal bones are not all the same distance apart, this could indicate a ___
torn ligament
A boxer’s fracture is a fracture of ___
the neck of the 5th metacarpal. It’s an angulated fracture (slide 89)
A hangman’s fracture is a fracture through the ____ of ____ vertebra. It is typically a(n) _____ injury.
pars interarticularis/ lamina/ posterior part C2 acute hyperextension (i.e. due to hitting the dashboard in a MVA)
A teardrop fracture is seen in ____ and _____ injuries. It occurs along the anterior part of the vertebral body (slide 114)
Hyperextension and hyperflexion injuries
Pt presents with a Hx of being punched in the face and complains of pain and diplopia that is worse when looking up. What’s a potential Dx?
Orbital floor or blowout fracture (slide 116)
Why would a pt with an orbital floor fracture have trouble looking up?
The inferior rectus muscle can get trapped by the fracture
A patient presents with Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, anhydrous, mitosis). You conclude that there is a blockage in the _____. A tumor that could cause this is a _____
Sympathetic chain Pancoast tumor (slide 118 for x-ray)
Pt presents with facial pain and congestion. On PE, you find swollen turbinates and L sided tenderness to palpation on maxilla. What is a possible Dx?
Maxillary sinusitis (slide 123) Air-fluid level indicates acute sinusitis
Croup is typically seen in children aged ___ to ___. Sx include ____. Etiology is often _____. An A-P x-ray will show a ____
6 months-6 yrs
Barking cough, hoarseness, stridor. Worse at night
Viral (75%)
Steeple sign (slide 119)
Epiglottitis is usually seen in children ___ to ____. Sx include _____. Etiology is usually due to____. On a lateral X-ray, the _____ sign can be observed.
2-7 years old
Hoarseness, stridor, drooling. Anxious pt with outstretched neck.
H. influenza or other bacteria
Thumbprint (slide 121)
The circle of willis is composed of…
The anterior cerebrals, anterior communicating a., posterior communicating a.s, and posterior cerebrals
The internal carotid can be divided into 4 portions. Name them, beginning with the most inferior
Cervical, petrous, cavernous, supraclinoid
The internal carotid gives off two main cerebral arteries:
Name 2 other arteries commonly associated with the internal carotid
The anterior and middle cerebral The ophthalmic (off of the internal carotid) and the pericallosal (off of the anterior cerebral)
The 2 vertebral arteries join to form the ____ which gives off ____, _____, and ____ before becoming the 2 posterior cerebral arteries
Basilar a
Pontine Br.
AICA
Superior cerebellar
PICA comes off of the ____ artery
Vertebral
An intracerebral hemorrhage is a bleed into the brain (slide 132). Name a few DDxs
What does it look like on MRI?
How can you tell if it has mass effect?
Neoplasm Infarction Vascular malformation. Aneurysm Trauma Increased attenuation Look at the ventricles
What are the most common sites of brain aneurysms?
The anterior communicating, posterior communicatings, and middle cerebrals in that order
An occlusion of a cerebral artery can lead to…
a stroke
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
