R 3.5 Pathology

Question 1

GFR ______ with sepsis due to ________ and usually need vasopressor support.

Answer 1

decreases; hypotension

Question 2

Ischemia usually _____ cause insult by itself, but with _______ such as limited renal reserve or others.

Answer 2

doesn’t; cofactors

Question 3

Cytokines ______ the expression of ______ leading to vasodilation effects which reduce GFR in sepsis associated AKI.

Answer 3

increase; NO synthase

Question 4

Ethylene glycol, iodinated contrast agents, and antibiotics are considered _______ toxic agents.

Answer 4

Exogenous

Question 5

Myoglobin, hemoglobin, uric acid, and myeloma light chains that cause tubular injury can be considered ______ toxic agents.

Answer 5

Endogenous

Question 6

An obstruction that blocks the flow of urine out of the kidneys must occur ______ for it to interfere with the GFR.

Answer 6

bilaterally (unless only one functional kidney)

Question 7

Bladder neck obstructions can occur due to ______, ______, or _____.

Answer 7

benign prostatic hypertrophy; neurogenic bladder; treatment with anticholinergic drugs

Question 8

Chronic kidney disease presents with a GFR of ______ for at least ______ and/or persistent albuminuria.

Question 9

Significant rise in serum creatinine occurs when _____ of functioning nephrons have been destroyed.

Answer 9

> 75%

Question 10

In end stage renal disease, the GFR is _____, and the kidneys no longer function to _____.

Question 11

Adaptations of hypertrophy and hyper filtrate eventually become ______ because increased increased pressure and flow in nephron predisposes to _______ _______.

Answer 11

maladaptive; glomerular distortion