Quiz (September 24) Flashcards
Medical ethics, signs and symptoms, medical tests and imaging, medical history and physical exam
conventional radiography
・ use of x-rays to show abnormalities in bones and in dense body tissue
・ pros: help diagnose many different conditions
・ cons: possible negative side effects of radiation
・ x-ray? – yes
fluoroscopy
・ continuous x-rays to create a movie
・ used commonly for gastrointestinal evaluation
・ ingest chemical to show tissue/muscles
・ pros: shows muscle and tissue information , movie shows changes that occur in the body rather than one image
・ cons: radiation dose may be substantial , more expensive than radiography
・ x-ray? – yes
angiography
・ used to test if there’s a blockage in a coronary artery
・ contrast dye is injected into arteries through a thin, plastic tube, while doctor watches how blood flows through the heart on an x-ray screen
・ pros: accurate localization of bleeding
・ cons: can only be performed during active bleeding , complication rate of about 9%
・ x-ray? – yes
computed tomography (CT/CAT scan)
・ makes use of computer-processed combinations of x-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object
・ pros: relatively quick , allows user to see inside the object without cutting
・ cons: high radiation dosage , possibility of unclear results leading to follow-up tests
・ x-ray? – yes
ultrasound
・ uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body
・ used to view heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, organs, and fetus during pregnancy
・ pros: generally painless , no cutting , no exposing to radiation
・ cons: higher rate of false-positive results than with mammography
・ x-ray? – no
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
・ uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of organs, tissues, bones, etc.
・ pros: no radiation, clear/detailed images of soft tissue (not available via other methods), can cover large portions of the body
・ cons: expensive, not all cancers detectable, claustrophobic, unknown metal implants can cause problems
・ x-ray? – mp
nuclear medicine
・ radioactive substances introduced into the patient, and detected by a machine called a gamma camera
・ used in research, diagnosis, and treatment
・ pros: help catch diseases early, usually effective
・ cons: very expensive, exposure to radiation
・ x-rays? – no. uses gamma rays, which are similar but tend to produce more energy
4 vital signs
・ temperature
・ heart rate
・ respiration rate
・ blood pressure
body temperature
varies depending on... ・ gender ・ recent activity ・ food and fluid consumption ・ women: stage of menstrual cycle
methods:
・ oral, rectal, axillary, ear, and skin of forehead
heart rate
the pulse is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times heart beats per minute
may vary:
・ exercise
・ illness/injury
・ emotions
can indicate:
・ heart rhythm
・ strength of pulse
goals of patient history and physical exam
important reference that provides concise information about a patient's history and exam findings at the time of admission ・ vitals ・ allergies to medication ・ history of present illness ・ medical and surgical history ・ family history ・ social history
respiratory rate
number of breaths a person takes per minute
・ usually measured when at rest and counting chest rising
may vary on:
・ fever, illness, other medical conditions
blood pressure
・ the force that blood exerts against blood vessel walls
・ pressure occurs when the flow is met by resistance from blood vessel walls
・ indication of heart health
・ determined by the contractions of the heart
・ measured in millimeters of mercury
varies on:
・ heart and blood vessel conditions
homeostasis
the ability of an organism or environment to maintain stability in spite of changes
negative feedback loop
the ability to either increase or decrease a stimulus, inhibiting the ability of the stimulus to continue as it did prior to sensing of the receptor (the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus)
