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Psychology > Psychology Midterm > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is null-hypothesis significance testing?

A

the probability that the data would be the same even if there is no relationship between the variables

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2
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

it is the failure to show a relationship between variables

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3
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

it it finding a relationship between two variables when there isn’t one

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4
Q

What is scientific theory?

A

it is the comprehensive framework for making sense of evidence regarding a particular phenomenon

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5
Q

What does falsifiable mean?

A

Falsifiable means it can validate or invalidate a hypothesis by determining if it is provable

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6
Q

What does induction mean?

A

Induction means going from a general to a specific observation

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7
Q

What does deduction mean?

A

Deduction means going from a specific to a general observation

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8
Q

What is structuralism?

A

It is the study of what the mind is

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9
Q

what is functionalism?

A

It is the study of what the mind does

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10
Q

Why is variation important?

A

Variation is important for data to understand and validate it

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11
Q

What is a random sample?

A

An individual has an equal chance of being selected

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12
Q

What is a margin of error?

A

It is the expected amount of random variation

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13
Q

What are the problems with non random samples?

A

They are suspect to bias, over/under representation

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14
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

It is a way to specifically measure a certain concept

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15
Q

What does research in psychology rely on?

A

Research relies on correlation and experiment

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16
Q

What is a double-blind experiment?

A

The participant or the experiment know the condition

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17
Q

What is a correlation design?

A

Passive observation, no intervention, two variables

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18
Q

What does weak correlation mean?

A

There are many exceptions

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19
Q

What does strong correlation mean?

A

There are few or no exceptions

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20
Q

What is the most important thing for correlation?

A

Correlation does not equal causation

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21
Q

What is participation observation?

A

Experimenter being involved in group to study them

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22
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Cause and effect between two variables is unambiguously established

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23
Q

What is external validity?

A

Does the information found apply to settings other than in the experiment

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24
Q

What is reliability?

A

How well will the same results be reached if preformed again

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25
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

How well will the lab findings extend to real world situations (tighter the conditions=less likely)

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26
Q

What are behavioural genetics?

A

It is the science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour

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27
Q

What are quantitive genetics?

A

Similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are

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28
Q

What are heritability coefficients?

A

Measure how strongly differences are related to actual differences in genes

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29
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of genes

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30
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Specific observable traits

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31
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different copies of genes

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32
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

They are ideal for relaying information as they have axons but no dendrites

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33
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Used for sensory perception as they have one axon and one dendrite

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34
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Communicate sensory and motor purposes as they have one axon and many dendrite

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35
Q

What forms the myelin sheath?

A

Gila cells

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36
Q

What are hormones?

A

Organic chemical messengers released by endocrine glands

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37
Q

What is resting potential?

A

Inside is slightly more negative than the outside, this is what a neuron remains at unless excited, -70mV

38
Q

What is sensation?

A

Sensation is the physical process of organs responding to external stimuli

39
Q

What is perception?

A

Perception is the psychological process of making sense of the stimulus

40
Q

What is transduction?

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

41
Q

What is signal detection?

A

Sensory organs need a certain amount of stimulation to detect stimulus (absolute threshold)

42
Q

What is weber’s law?

A

Bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed

43
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Building up experiments by using individual parts

44
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Past stimuli experiences influence processing new ones

45
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Constant unchanging stimuli receptors stop responding

46
Q

What is amplitude?

A

It is the loudness and intensity of the stimulus

47
Q

What is frequency?

A

Pitch of the stimulus

48
Q

What is the main process of stimulus to brain for hearing?

A

Sound waves funnel through pinna-auditory canal-tympanic membrane-vibrate against ossicles-cochlea-thalamus-primary auditory cortex

49
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

The inner ear is involved with balance and spacial awareness

50
Q

what does the brain stem do?

A

Basic function: breathing, heart rate, digestion

51
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

medulla, pons, mid brain and diencephalon

52
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

controls motor movement, coordination, balance, muscle tone

53
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Back of the brain

54
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres do?

A

Responsible for cognitive abilities and conscious experience

55
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outermost grey matter of the cerebrum

56
Q

What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?

A

basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus

57
Q

What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary for vision

58
Q

What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary for auditory processing, memory and and Multisensory integration

59
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary for body sensations, visual attention, multi sensory convergence zones

60
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

A

Language, judgement, planning and decision making

61
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Involved with voluntary movement

62
Q

What does the amygdala and hippocampi do?

A

Involved with learning and emotion

63
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

two brain hemispheres process for opposite side of the body

64
Q

What does it mean to be split brain?

A

Most or all of the bridge between the two hemispheres is severed

65
Q

One example of brain function in split brain?

A

object placed on either side will only be processed by one side of the brain, seen through opposite eye

66
Q

What is grey matter?

A

composes cortex of cerebrum, cell bodies of neurons

67
Q

What is white matter?

A

the axons of nerves cells, white because of myelination

68
Q

What is converging evidence?

A

similar findings reported from multiple studies using different methods

69
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

how small the elements of an image are, how small of a structure can be imaged

70
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

how small a unit of time can be measured, how precisely in time a process can be measured

71
Q

What is a PET?

A

Measures brain activity by recording blood flow in the brain

72
Q

What is a MRI?

A

Measures brain activity by measuring oxygen levels in blood

73
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Measures electrical brain activity via electrodes on the scalp

74
Q

What is a DOI?

A

measures brain activity with changes in light as it passes through surface of brain

75
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience

76
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

aquiring information without intent

77
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

long term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode

78
Q

What is non associative learning?

A

Single repeated exposure leads to a change in behaviour

79
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

stimulus to stimulus réponse learning

80
Q

What is the intent of classical conditioning?

A

behaviour warranted by the second stimulus will eventually be warranted by the first

81
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

stimulus that elicits response before conditioning occurs

82
Q

What is the unconditioned response?

A

innate response that is elicited by stimulus before conditioning occurs

83
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

stimulus that elicits response after classical conditioning

84
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

stimulus to response

85
Q

What is the intent of operant conditioning?

A

behaviour is associated with occurrence

86
Q

what is a reinforcer?

A

consequence of behaviour that strengthens behaviour or increase likelihood

87
Q

what is a punisher?

A

effects that decrease the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated again

88
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

perform action and receive reward or feedback to encourage behaviour

89
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

perform action and receive consequence to discourage behaviour

90
Q

What is the purpose of psychoactive drugs?

A

Can either increase or decrease activity at the synapse of the neuron

91
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that increases or enhances a neurotransmitters effect

92
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that blocks a neurotransmitters effect

Psychology (10 decks)

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