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MCAT > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

phrenology

A

developed by Franz Gall; well developed traits cause physical size differences in brain regions associated with those traits

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2
Q

extirpation/ablation

A

developed by Pierre Fluorens; surgically remove sections of the brain and observe behavior

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3
Q

functionalism

A

developed by William James; mental processes allow individuals to adapt to their environments

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4
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

measured the speed of a nerve impulse

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5
Q

Charles Sherrington

A

discovered synapses; believed they were electrical rather than chemical

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6
Q

meninges

A

protect the brain, anchor the brain in the skull, resorb CSF composed of three layers: (DAP out - in) dura, arachnoid, pia

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7
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor nerves caused by an affect; exit the cord to the body

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8
Q

afferent nerves

A

sensory nerves cause an effect; ascend in the cord to the brain

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9
Q

limbic system

A

group of structures associated with emotion and memory (aggression, fear, and pain)

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10
Q

brainstem

A

origin of the brain; consists of hindbrain and midbrain

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11
Q

forebrain structures

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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12
Q

cerebral cortex

A

perception and cognition

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13
Q

basal ganglia

A

motor function

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14
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory

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15
Q

thalamus

A

sensation

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger/thirst and emotion

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17
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain; controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and arousal

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18
Q

myelencephalon

A

becomes the medulla oblongata; regulates vital functions

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19
Q

metencephalon

A

becomes the pons and cerebellum; maintains posture, balance, and coordinated movement

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20
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain, contains colliculi receives sensory information from the rest of the body and controls involuntary reflexes

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21
Q

superior colliculus

A

receives visual sensory input

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22
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives auditory sensory input

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23
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain, contains telencephalon and diencephalon perception, cognition, and behavior

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24
Q

rCBF

A

regional cerebral blood flow mapping procedure

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25
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

eating and drinking behaviors (LH= lack hunger_

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26
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

satiety

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27
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior

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28
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin

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29
Q

penial gland

A

secretes melatonin

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30
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure center

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31
Q

amygdala

A

fear and rage

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32
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory

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33
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new long-term memories

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34
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recount former long-term memories

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35
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production

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36
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language reception and comprehension

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37
Q

acetylcholine

A

attention and arousal, PSNS

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38
Q

catecholamines

A

monoamines/biogenic amines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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39
Q

dopamine

A

basal ganglia; movement and posture, reward

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40
Q

schizophrenia

A

imbalance of dopamine

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41
Q

serotonin

A

mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming

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42
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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43
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter

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44
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory CNS neurotransmitter

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45
Q

endorphins/enkephalins

A

neuropeptides; natural painkillers

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46
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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47
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

corticosteroids (cortisol), testosterone, and estrogen

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48
Q

moro reflex

A

in response to rapid head movements, arms shoot out

49
Q

babinski reflex

A

when the sole of the foot is stimulated, toes spread out

50
Q

transduction

A

sensation

51
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli

52
Q

threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimuli that renders a difference in perception

53
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system

54
Q

difference threshold

A

just noticeable difference

55
Q

Weber’s law

A

there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus

56
Q

signal detection theory

A

changes in our perception of stimuli depends on internal and external context

57
Q

response bias

A

tendency of subjects to respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

58
Q

adaptation

A

detection of a stimulus can change over time

59
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical info to be processed

60
Q

cornea

A

gathers and focuses incoming light

61
Q

iris

A

contains pupillae muscles

62
Q

lens

A

controls the refraction of incoming light

63
Q

accommodation

A

contraction of the ciliary muscle caused change in the shape of the eye due to pulled suspensory ligaments

64
Q

vitreous

A

transparent gel that supports the retina

65
Q

cones

A

used for color vision and to sense fine details

66
Q

rods

A

rhodopsin senses light and dark

67
Q

horizontal cells

A

amacrine; edge detection from the retina

68
Q

visual pathway

A

cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN of thalamus, occipital lobe, visual cortex

69
Q

parallel processing

A

simultaneously combining info regarding color, shape, and motion with preexisting objects

70
Q

feature detection

A

detection of color, shape, or motion

71
Q

vestibular sense

A

rotational and linear acceleration

72
Q

auditory pathway in the ear

A

pinna/auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane/eardrum, ossicles, cochlea

73
Q

perilymph

A

transmits vibrations from the outside world and cushions inner ear structures

74
Q

auditory pathway in the brain

A

vestibulochoclear nerve, MGN of the thalamus, temporal lobe, auditory cortex

75
Q

place theory

A

location of a hair cell determine the perception of pitch

76
Q

olfactory pathway

A

nasal passages, olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract

77
Q

taste pathway

A

taste buds, brainstem, thalamus, taste center

78
Q

somatosensation

A

perception of pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

79
Q

bottom-up processing

A

individual sensory stimuli combines to create a cohesive image of an object

80
Q

top-down processing

A

perception of the entire object, then recognizing specific parts of the object

81
Q

acquisition

A

the process of classical conditioning

82
Q

extinction

A

the process of unlearning a conditioned response

83
Q

operant conditioning

A

linking voluntary behaviors with consequences

84
Q

behaviorism

A

the theory that all behaviors are conditioned

85
Q

escape learning

A

reducing the unpleasantness of something that is already occurring

86
Q

avoidance learning

A

preventing the unpleasantness of something that has not yet occurred

87
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that indicates that a reward is potentially available

88
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but is then spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

89
Q

instinctive drift

A

trying to train an organism to perform a behavior that goes against its natural instincts

90
Q

nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, proline, isoleucine

91
Q

aromatic amino acids

A

tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine

92
Q

polar amino acids

A

tyrosine, serine, threonine, glutamine, asparagine, cysteine

93
Q

acidic (- charge) amino acids

A

aspartate, glutamate

94
Q

basic (+ charge) amino acids

A

lysine, arginine, histidine

95
Q

hydrophobic amino acids

A

alanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine

96
Q

hydrophilic amino acids

A

histidine, arginine, lysine, glutamate, aspartate

97
Q

dual coding theory

A

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

98
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

manipulating the environment to meet physical needs

99
Q

primary circular reaction

A

repetition of bodily movements for self-soothing

100
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

manipulation based on external factors like response form the environment (e.g. throwing toy off a high chair)

101
Q

preoperational stage

A

ages 2-7

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

102
Q

concrete operational stage

A

ages 7-11

understand conversation and perspectives of others

103
Q

formal operational stage

A

ability to think logically

104
Q

fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving skills

105
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

use of learned skills

106
Q

instinct theory

A

driven by evolutionary instincts

107
Q

arousal theory

A

motivation is the maintainance of an optimal state of arousal

108
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

performance is optimal at medium levels of arousal

109
Q

drive reduction theory

A

motivation based on desire to eliminate uncomfortable internal states

110
Q

self-determination theory

A

emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness

111
Q

opponent-process theory

A

explains motivatin for drug use: body adapts to drug use by changing its physiology

112
Q

universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, contempt, suprise, anger, disgust, fear

113
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

arousal –> response –> emotion

114
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

arousal + cognitive response –> action

115
Q

cognitive arousal theory

A

Schachter-Singer Theory; two-factor theory

arousal + environment –> emotion

116
Q

primary appraisal

A

classification of a stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

117
Q

secondary appraisal

A

evaluating if an organism can cope with a stressor

118
Q

social readjustment rating scale

A

measuring stress by changes in life events

119
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

physiological responses to stress in 3 categories: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

MCAT (4 decks)

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