psych of women

Question 1

pituitary gland

Answer 1

makes several essentialhormones and tells other endocrine system glands to release hormones.

Question 2

steroid hormones

Answer 2

-produced by gonads; promote sexual development during prenatal period and puberty
-estrogen and progesterone
-testosterone (androgen)
-males and females produce both types at differing levels.

Question 3

intersex condition (dsd)

Answer 3

-inconsistency across the biological components of sex, hormones can override chromosomes at birth
-medically termed differences
Stats unreliable, vary widely by condition
~1 in 2000 – unable to assign sex at birth
1-2% - some type of DSD
-treatment in past has focused on assigning sex (with surgical intervention at times) and encouraging gender identity development (optimal sex policy)
-research with intersex individuals can provide clues to the contribution of biological and social factors to gender identity.

Question 4

prenatal testosterone

Answer 4

-females exposed to increased testosterone while in utero (Hines and colleagues, 2002)
-express more masculine gender role attitudes and behaviors, including sensation seeking, risk-taking behaviors, eating behaviors
-biological and environmental factors intertwine

Question 5

David Reimer

Answer 5

-twin boys messed up surgery at 7 months raised as girls from then on
-socialization over biology in gender identity

Question 6

brain differences

Answer 6

-male brains are, on average, about 11% larger in volume (as measured in total volume)
-women show greater volume and density than men in
-the frontal pole cortex (responsible for strategic planning and decision making).

Question 7

plasticity

Answer 7

the brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt physically in response to environmental factors
especially high during adolescence.
-soothing a crying infant decreased men’s testosterone

Question 8

neurosexism

Answer 8

interpreting findings from neuroscience research in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes without valid supporting evidence.

Question 9

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 9

psychodynamic stages from birth to adulthood based on the body part from which pleasure is sought at each stage
-phallic, focused on sex differences
-boys and girls learn > anatomical differences and the pleasures that can be derived from their bodies
-resolution of this stage has long-lasting implications for gender development as girls identify with their mothers and boys identify with their fathers
Oedipus and Electra complexes

Question 10

social learning theory

Answer 10

-gender-typical behavior is modeled and reinforced by society
-child as passive

Question 11

cognititive developmental theory

Answer 11

Labeling self (gender identity) > behave in sex-typed ways
-2-3 years is gender because of others
-5 years is knowing its permananent
-6-7 sex i maintain with clothes and inner self

Question 12

gender schema theory

Answer 12

-network of mental associations about masculinity and femininity.
-children categorize themselves, others, activities, objects, and experiences according to gender
-used extensively to interpret information about gender.

Question 13

socialization

Answer 13

-parents treat boys and girls very similarly, except for encouraging sex-typical preferences and activities
-fathers, allow boys less flexibility to pursue cross-sex behavior.

Question 14

socialization (peer groups)

Answer 14

boys had many male friends, experiencing negative peer treatment resulted in decreased gender atypical behavior.
-girls with older sisters and boys with older brothers displayed the most traditionally sex-typical behaviors.
-boys and girls with cross-sex older siblings displayed the least traditionally sex-typical behavior

Question 15

Gender typicality

Answer 15

-feeling that one is a typical member of one’s gender category

Question 16

Gender contentedness

Answer 16

feelings of contentment between biological sex and gender category

Question 17

Feelings of pressure for gender conformity

Answer 17

Higher score means she feels more pressure to conform.

Question 18

Intergroup bias

Answer 18

-preferential attitudes toward one’s gender group
-higher score for a girl means she thinks that girls are better.

Question 19

cognitive developmental intergroup theory

Answer 19

-individuals appraise groups positively once they identify with the group (form a gender identity)
-form in-group bias in favor of own gender group.

Question 20

gender dysphoria

Answer 20

-involves distress associated with incongruity of one’s assigned sex at birth and gender (DSM-5).
might develop transgender or nonbinary identities.
-gender dysphoria might desist, cisgender identity develop.
-debates about specific rates and treatment.

Question 21

heritability

Answer 21

how much of the variation among people in this population is due to genetics?
-proportion of total population variance in a given trait (gender identity) due to genetic differences in the population

Question 22

Submissive emotions

Answer 22

communicate vulnerability and need for comfort – sadness and anxiety

Question 23

Disharmonious emotions

Answer 23

anger, happiness when succeeding over another person.