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psy102 > psy chapter 3 > Flashcards

psy chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell specialized for communication

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2
Q

dendrite

A

portion of neuron that sends signals

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3
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

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4
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

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5
Q

synapse

A

space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically

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6
Q

synaptic cleft

A

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

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7
Q

glial cell

A

cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier; responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal

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9
Q

resting potential

A

electrical charge difference (~60mV) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited

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10
Q

threshold

A

membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

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11
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

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12
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate

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12
Q

receptor site

A

location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter

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12
Q

reuptake

A

means of recycling neurotransmitters

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12
Q

endorphin

A

chemical in the brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction

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12
Q

plasticity

A

ability of the nervous system to change

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13
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury

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14
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons in the adult brain

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15
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behaviour

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system (CNS)

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17
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury

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18
Q

frontal lobe

A

forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

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19
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions

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20
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

Broca’s area

A

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production

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22
Q

frontal lobe

A

forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

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23
Q

motor cortex

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement

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24
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

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25
Q

Broca’s area

A

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production

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26
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

regions of the cerebral cortex, that initially process information from the senses

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27
Q

association cortex

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions

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28
Q

basal ganglia

A

structures in the forebrain that help to control movement

29
Q

occipital lobe

A

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

30
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

regions of the cerebral cortex, that initially process information from the senses

31
Q

association cortex

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions

32
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal

33
Q

limbic system

A

emotional centre of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory

34
Q

thalamus

A

gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

36
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

brain area that plays a key role in arousal

37
Q

hippocampus

A

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

38
Q

brain stem

A

part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the mindbrain, pons, and medulla

39
Q

midbrain

A

part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound

40
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

brain area that plays a key role in arousal

41
Q

hindbrain

A

regions below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

42
Q

cerebellum

A

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance

43
Q

reflex

A

an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus

44
Q

medulla

A

part of brain stem involved in basic functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

45
Q

spinal cord

A

thick bundle of nerves that convey’s signals between the brain and body

46
Q

interneuron

A

neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby

47
Q

reflex

A

an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus

48
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

49
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation

50
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland that, under control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body

51
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion

52
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

53
Q

hormone

A

chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands

54
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

55
Q

adrenal gland

A

tissue located on top of the kidneys that releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal

56
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

recording of brain’s electrical activity at the surface of the skull

57
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct 3D images

58
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

59
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain

60
Q

split-brain surgery

A

procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures

61
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function

62
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

63
Q

lateralization

A

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

64
Q

split-brain surgery

A

procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures

65
Q

chromosome

A

slender thread inside a cell’s nucleus that carries genes

66
Q

gene

A

genetic material, composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

67
Q

genotype

A

our genetic makeup

68
Q

heritability

A

percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

69
Q

dominant gene

A

gene that masks other genes’ effects

70
Q

twin study

A

analysis of how traits differ in identical versus fraternal twins

71
Q

fitness

A

organisms’ capacity to pass on their genes

72
Q

heritability

A

percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

73
Q

family study

A

analysis of how characteristics run in intact families

74
Q

twin study

A

analysis of how traits differ in identical versus fraternal twins

75
Q

adoption study

A

analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives

psy102 (3 decks)

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