Protozoa II Flashcards
What is leishmania an intracellular pathogen of?
macrophages
What does leishmania become in a macrophage?
amastigote
What is the immunity for leishmania?
TDTH
What is leishmania transmitted by?
sandflies (africa/asia, south america tropical and subtropics)
When is leishmania epidemic?
sand flies are in large numbers
Are leishmania amastigotes in sandflies?
no they are promastigotes
What are the stages of leishmania 7?
sandfly takes bloood–> promastigotes phago. by macrophages–> transform into amastigotes—>multiply in various cells—>sandfly takes blood meal and ingests macrophage–> amastigotes transform into promastigote stage in sandfly gut—>migrate to proboscis
A variety of leishmania species including tropica and brazilienes cause what?
cutaneous leishmania- papules that turn red, ulcerates, forms satellite lesions (contained by Th1 after months)[oriental ulcer, chiclero ulcer, Baghdad boil]
What does leishmania donovani cause? immunity? called what?
visceral leishmaniasis- immune sytem is not responsive, spectrum illness called Kala Azar (twice daily fevers)
What leishmania causes mucocutaneous diseases?
braziliensis
How long do sores take to develop after sandfly bite?
few weeks or months
Can leishmania sores change in size and appearance over time
yes- start as papules or nodules and may end up as ulcers
Are leishmania sores painless ? Do some peoples glands swell?
yes usually but some can be painfulyes near the sore
Visceral leishmaniasis infects what organs to be life threatening? how long to develop?
- usually spleen, liver and marrow2. Months to years
Visceral leishmaniasis people present with what?
fever, weight loss, enlargement of liver/spleen, low blood counts and low platelets
How do we prevent mucosal leishmaniasis?
ensure adequate treatment of original cutaneous infection
How do we diagnose leishmaniasis?
lesions, biopsy, and antibody tests
What are the 3 main treatments of leishmaniasis?
- pentavalent antimonial compounds (not in US but can use sodium stibogluconate from CDC)2. liposomal amphotericin B (IV, visceral leish.)3. Miltefosine (cut. visa. and mucosal)
Does amphotericin B deoxycholate and pentamidine isethionate as well as the azoles (ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole) have merit for treating selected cases of leishmaniasis?
Yes-
Is aminoglycoside paromomycin available in the US?
No
What does trypanosome brucei cause?
african sleeping sickness
What doe trypanosoma cruzi cause?
american trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s disease)
What is african sleeping sickness transmitted by
Tse Tse fly
What is Chaga’s transmitted by?
sucking/ kissing/ assassin bugs (Reduviid bugs)
Where are bugs related to Chaga’s found?
dirt floors of South/Central America, Southwest US
What are the 2 forms of african sleeping sickness?
slow progressing chronic (west africa) and Acute 9 months (east africa)
What are the symptoms of african sleeping sickness-
primary lesion around bite, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, mental problems leading to death.
What is interesting about african sleeping sickness surface glycoprotein?
variable- programmed set of changes, leading to IgM and then new waves; treated with a variety of drugs
What is romana’s sign and what disease has it?
conjunctivitis and swelling in American Trypanosomiasis
What type of lesion does American trypanosomiasis have?
Chagoma primary lesion
What disease has a lot of nonspecific effects that may lead to meningitis acutely or heart failure?
American trypanosomiasis (chaga’s)
What does american trypanosomiasis chronic disease lead to?
cardiac destruction, megaesophagus, megacolon
What is american trypanosomiasis disease diagnosed with?
blood smear and at least two antibody tests
What is american trypanosomiasis treated with?
nifurtimox or benznidazole
